Digitalization in Ukraine’s economy in the context of world digitization

The world has entered the era of the fourth industrial revolution – a period in which digitalization plays perhaps the most significant role for production, and innovative technologies such as virtual reality, internet of things, artificial intelligence and robotics are fundamentally changing the way people work and the way they live. The backbone of modern society is a rapidly growing network of electronic knowledge and tools that includes manufacturers, suppliers, sellers, buyers and users of information in electronic form. The information sphere of the state directs its economic and innovative potential, and thus significantly affects other spheres, such as competitiveness in the international arena and the quality of citizens’ life. Today Ukraine is at a unique stage of development when there is a chance to make the so-called “digital leap” in key spheres of the economy. That is, to quickly move to a new stage of development in these spheres, bypassing intermediate stages, and starting to use modern systems at once, bypassing several generations of technologies. The percent of the digital economy in Ukraine is gradually steadily increasing, but the pace of its development is still low. In order to keep up with the world's leading economies forever, it is necessary to begin large-scale digitization of all industries as soon as possible, investing as much as possible in the development of digital infrastructures, innovations and modern technologies. Moreover, the country has potential, especially in the IT sphere, where Ukraine's position is quite good. Technologically, Ukraine is still in the last century because the state has very low domestic demand for technology. The actual tasks for Ukraine in this sphere, on the one hand, are the implementation of its own digital potential, and on the other, the implementation of relevant EU documents and projects into national legislation. In addition, it is important to develop the spheres of science and education, without which it is impossible to count on progress in the development of the information society and the knowledge economy. Every year, technologies go forward, new trends are gaining momentum, affecting all the schemes by which people do business in the digital world. And in order to stay ahead of the competition or even just to “stay in the game”, you need to learn to work with new tools, track trends and be flexible enough to adapt to these changes

Factors of influence on the development of organic land use under the conditions of marital law

The importance of increasing the pace of production of organic products has been proven, since traditional technologies used in the production of agricultural products significantly disrupt the natural balance and cause significant environmental problems (disruption in ecosystem chains, environmental pollution, man-made pollution caused by military actions, deterioration of people's health). It was found that a number of highly developed countries that cooperate with Ukraine on various projects and programs are involved in this process. An in-depth study of the field of organic land use in Ukraine under the conditions of military operations made it possible to identify existing problems and assess their impact on the development of this segment of activity. A number of restraining factors affecting the development of organic land use have been identified, one of the determining factors being the creation of an appropriate institutional environment. The need for the development of land management projects regarding the organization of organic land use territory is substantiated. Incentives are presented as motivating factors for both consumers and producers of organic products (incentive payments to economic entities, introduction of free pricing for manufactured products, introduction of preferential taxation and preferential loans, obtaining the possibility of conducting certification in a remote format, etc.) despite the military situation in the country Potential factors for development and development of organic land use are also proposed. The given triad of factors can be implemented logically and sequentially and to a large extent simultaneously. Key words: organic land use, organic farming, traditional farming, influencing factors, land management project, martial law

Socio-economic parameters of functions of the territory of territorial communities in the context of spatial planning

The existing methods and parameters for determining the capacity and monitoring the development of territorial communities in ecological, economic and social sections are analysed. It was established that most of the methods and parameters are fundamental and involve a general assessment of community capacity and are not aimed at being indicators of the development of a separate territorial community in ecological, economic and social terms. It is proposed to use the parameters of the territory's functions as indicators of the development of territorial communities. The choice of the parameters of the territory's functions is based on the need, based on the aspects of spatial planning and spatial development, to plan the territory of the community in such a way that it performs its functions as efficiently as possible within its powers and capabilities. Based on the analysis of scientific works, the definition of the concept of "territory functions" is given and a list of their functions relevant within the framework of this study is formed. The list of parameters of the territory's functions is proposed and substantiated, it is indicated that the communities are able to partially provide them, and it is determined that they could serve as indicators of the development of territorial communities indirectly through the planning documentation of the territory of the community, and the method of their determination is proposed. The socio-economic parameters of the territory functions for the Chinadiiivska settlement territorial community of the Mukachivskyi raion of the Transcarpathian oblast have been determined. Key words: functions of the territory, parameters of the functions of the territory, indicators of the development of territorial communities, spatial planning of the territories of communities, spatial development

The issue of the display of sensitive information in the state land cadastre and its publicity in the conditions military conflict

The goal of the scientific work was to justify the need during the war in Ukraine to find a balance in the issue of limiting access to sensitive in terms of state and public security open data in the State Land Cadastre system to ensure the interests of national security and public interests. Information of interest to the aggressor should become inaccessible. This data selection should be made by the military and the Security Service and should not be publicly displayed. On the other hand – the rest of the information should be used by specialists in the field of geodesy and land management, construction and architecture, local self-government bodies with a certain number of persons with access to data. The author's proposal is also that access to data, including open data, should be regulated and authorized. So it is proposed to classify them at the legislative level in terms of levels of sensitivity, methods of use, access regulations, and to define lists of sensitive information and ways of displaying it. The need to change the attitude towards information resources as free resources and transfer information to the status of an intangible asset with licensed access (analogue – software) was noted, because the introduction of information into economic circulation will cause the growth of the economy. It is proposed that upon the end of martial law, the restrictions that were in force under these conditions should be reviewed, amendments to the legislation should be introduced into the regulations of the State Land Cadastre, and the composition, content, and distribution capacity of the cartographic base of the Public Cadastre Map should be updated. Key words: martial law, sensitive information, state land cadastre, geospatial data, Public cadastral map, certified land surveyors, certified surveyors, certified architects

ANALYSIS OF THE BIDDING IN UKRAINE: PROBLEMS AND PROPOSALS FOR IMPROVEMENT

The state of legislative support as a basis for holding land auctions in Ukraine is analysed and the requirements for organizing and holding land auctions for creating, above all, conditions for their conducting on a competitive basis and in accordance with the economic interests of the state are found. In order to remedy the current situation, we collected, systematized and analysed statistical data on the conduct of land auctions during 2017-2019, the level of revenue for the right to lease or sell land, the effectiveness of the auction. It has been found that the purchase and sale of the right to lease land and land themselves through a land auction is a of selling them in the shortest possible time, but not at the best possible price. The not received funds for the right to lease or sell land during the period under review amounts to UAH 746 million 989 thousand, which is primarily indicative of the absence of financially viable buyers among Ukrainians. Against this background, problems with land bidding were identified, and proposals were made to address them

Збереження ґрунтових ресурсів методом землевпорядкування, що зазнали руйнування внаслідок ведення воєнних дій

Доведено, що охорона ґрунтів стала національною екологічною проблемою, тому мають бути подолані протиріччя між соціально-економічними потребами людини та вимогами екологічної безпеки. Наявність нормативів якісного стану ґрунтів та їх гранично допустимого забруднення у законодавчому полі свідчить про те, що вони відображають лише хімічну природу антропогенних навантажень, проте взагалі відсутні нормативи щодо таких видів навантажень, як фізичний, механічний, меліоративний і техногенний, що набуває особливого значення в умовах ведення військових дій в Україні. Обґрунтовано, що при оцінюванні рівня пошкоджених земель і ґрунтів унаслідок ведення бойових дій із визначенням ступеню придатності до їх подальшого використання необхідно враховувати: рівень пошкодження земельної ділянки у відсотковому співвідношенні до її площі; ступінь придатності; характеристику забруднених земель; надання пропозицій щодо подальшого використання земельної ділянки й заходів з метою зниження рівня надходження забруднювальних речовин у ґрунт. Запропоновано також реалізовувати заходи з охорони земель і ґрунтів методом землевпорядкування шляхом розроблення відповідної землевпорядної документації. Зважаючи на техногенне навантаження на ґрунти внаслідок впливу військових дій доведено потребу розроблення робочого проекту землеустрою щодо рекультивації порушених земель унаслідок бойових дій та робочого проекту землеустрою щодо консервації деградованих, малопродуктивних і техногенно забруднених угідь для чого потрібно ввести зміни до постанови КМ України від 2 лютого 2022 р. № 86 «Про затвердження Правил розроблення робочих проектів землеустрою». Ключові слова: ґрунти, вплив воєнних дій, антропогенне навантаження, ґрунтозахисне землеробство, рекультивація земель, землеустрі

PROPOSALS FOR THE STRUCTURE, CONTENT AND COMPOSITION OF THE SECTORAL STANDARD OF INVENTORY OF LANDS OF THE GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS AND ENTERPRISES OF THE NAAS

Regulatory acts and scientific publications relating to the works on inventory of lands of state institutions and enterprises of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (hereinafter – NAAS) have been analyzed. It was revealed that the current legislation and just adopted “Procedure of Inventory of Lands” subject to the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No.476 of June 5th, 2019 does not include any norms that would consider the specifics of the land use by scientific organizations; their research fields and valuable lands for conducting scientific research should be taken into account when entering the data in the State Land Cadastre, as well as the property rights to them should be registered. The attention is drawn to the problem of legal uncertainty concerning boundaries of lands of state institutions and enterprises of NAAS. The specific functional peculiarities of agricultural land use by state institutions and enterprises of NAAS are considered. In this regard, the structure, content and composition of the main provisions of the industry standard for land inventory of state institutions and enterprises of the NAAS are proposed, which will become a regulatory tool for the preparation of the technical documentation on land management for the implementation of this type of work, and the information obtained will be the basis for the resolution of mature problems concerning the agricultural lands used by these state institutions and enterprises of NAAS

Proposals for improving the classification of land purpose types (on the example of the category of residential and public building lands)

The current classification of land uses for residential and public development was analyzed and proved to be in need of improvement. Proposals for its improvement within the researched category of land based on current land legislation and other normative legal acts are given. It has been proven that the existing list of the main types of land plots (which are based on the content of Article 38 of the Land Code of Ukraine) in the current classification is incomplete and not fully justified. Examples of unjustified assignment of land plots of other land categories to the category of land for residential and public development were revealed. In accordance with this, a 4-level structure of the classification of types of land use for residential and public development is proposed. Taking into account the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, it is currently impossible to use part of the land plots for their main purpose. From these positions, it is proposed to additionally highlight "technologically polluted lands as a result of hostilities" within the framework of the above-mentioned classifier. And after carrying out appropriate works on demining and reclamation of these lands to their safe use for people and the environment, they can be returned to use for the main purpose. Keywords: classification of types of purpose land, land for residential and public development, man-made contaminated land due to hostilities

Scientific principles of classification of regime-forming objects (on the example of water objects)

The study of scientific works, normative legal acts related to issues of classification of regime-forming objects, restrictions on the use of land and land plots made it possible to identify problems related to regime-forming water objects that need to be solved. In accordance with this, the conceptual apparatus related to regime-forming water objects was considered, their list was standardized taking into account the current legal acts and the need for their classification was substantiated. As a result, a classification of regime-forming water objects is proposed, which will allow to further form the limits of restrictions along and around these objects and to develop a classification of restrictions on the use of land and land plots. According to the proposal of the author's team, this classification can become an analogue for the classification of other objects, such as: an object of main pipelines, an energy object, an object of cultural heritage, military objects. It is justified that the creation of a single structure of classification is not possible, since each of these objects, when classified from general to specific, will have different levels of classification and require the development of individual approaches to their classification. Keywords: regime-forming objects, water objects, restrictions on the use of land plots, classification

Institutional approaches to the planning of sustainable use and protection of agricultural lands on the territory of individual land uses

The concepts of institutions and institutional approaches are studied. On the basis of institutional approaches to the planning of sustainable use and protection of agricultural lands of individual land uses, a system of institutes was formed, which include: the Institute of Land Management, the Institute of Land Monitoring, the Institute of the State Land Cadastre, the Institute of Local Self-Government, and the Institute of Local Traditions. The importance and effectiveness of these institutions, namely as systems and their relevance, are substantiated. The tools of these institutes, which allow for planning the sustainable use and protection of agricultural lands of individual land uses, as well as their implementation, have been analysed. The institute of land management and its tools, such as land management schemes and technical and economic justifications for the use and protection of lands of administrative territorial units, territories of territorial communities, and complex plans for the spatial development of the territory of the territorial community, are analysed in detail. The need to introduce a tool of land management regulations to expand the possibilities of the institute of land management in planning the use of territories located outside of settlements is justified. The importance of the institution of land monitoring is substantiated and the urgency of creating and implementing an automated land monitoring system is emphasized. The current state of the Institute of the State Land Cadastre was investigated and the expediency of expanding the list of objects of the State Land Cadastre by adding "agricultural land use" was substantiated. It was found that the significance of the institution of local self-government in the context of planning the sustainable use and protection of agricultural lands of individual land uses increases due to the expansion of the powers of local authorities in the process of decentralization of power. The need to take into account local agricultural traditions when planning the sustainable use and protection of agricultural lands of individual land uses has been confirmed. Key words: institutions, institutional approaches, agricultural land, land use, sustainable use and protection of agricultural land, land management, State Land Cadastre, local self-government