Gender disparity in prevalence and risk factors of chronic Kidney disease among patients with type 2 diabetes in Northeastern Nigeria.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is responsible for up to 5% of premature deaths worldwide. Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. This study aims to evaluate gender disparity in prevalence and risk factors of diabetic kidney disease in northeastern Nigeria. Methodology: The study population consisted of adult patients with type 2 diabetesrecruited consecutively at the diabetes clinic of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri. Socio-demographic and anthropometric variables including age, sex, weight, height, BMI, as well as laboratory parameters, were obtained from each patient. Glomerular filtration rate was derived from the CKD-EPI formula using serum creatinine. Results: Two hundred and sixty-one adult patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited consecutively from the Diabetes outpatient clinic of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri. There were 167(64%) females and 94(36%) males. The mean ages of males and females were 51.10±12.23 years and 48.76±11.00 years, respectively (p= 0.115). The mean duration of diabetes was similar between males and females (7.24±7.18 vs 6.87±6.02 years, p= 0.652). Females had a higher BMI 2 2 compared with males (28.49±6.27Kg/M2 vs 26.41±4.86Kg/M2 p= 0.003). Fasting blood glucose, Low- density lipoprotein cholesterol and PCV were more deranged in females than among males (9.53±4.72 mmol/L vs 11.10±5.97mmol/L p= 0.020; 2.84±1.03mmol/L vs 3.19±1.03mmol/L p=0.009; 34.49±5.33% vs 33.11±4.54% p= 0.026). Out of the study population, 83(74.1%) females had renal dysfunction compared with 29(25.9%) males. The risk factors for progressive kidney disease among female patients were age >45 years (Exp (B) 1.799, 95% CI= 1.165-3.805) and systolic blood pressure >140mmHg (Exp (B)= 1.592, 95% CI= 0.772- 3.284). Conclusion: Diabetic kidney disease among our cohorts with type 2 diabetes was more prevalent among females compared with males and the risk factors associated with this disparity were older age, high BMI, poor glycaemic control, low PCV and elevated LDL cholesterol

Non-conventional sources of agricultural water management : Insights from young professionals in the irrigation and drainage sector

Distribution and availability of global resources is highly variable over time and heterogeneous in space. With the natural or conventional supply of these resources no longer meeting a growing demand, the need to promote resource efficiency is now being paralleled with innovative approaches to conserve resources within their use cycle. These ‘innovative approaches’ herewith referred to as non-conventional was the subject of a 10-weeks extensive discussion among Young Professionals (YPs) in the field of irrigation and drainage. The discussion aligns to a higher objective of breeding a generation of YPs with an open mindset and multi-disciplinary approach to the challenges in irrigation and drainage. Cutting across development corridors in the water sector, this review paper presents insights on non-conventional sources of agricultural water management (AWM) as viewed from the lenses of YPs. The discussions underscore the need for broad-based approaches to resource management, building on the premise that all forms of resources are linked to form a system that provides the most effective service when managed in an integrated fashion. Non-conventional requires divergent approaches and flexibility; underlining the invaluable capabilities YPs present in AWM. Besides highlighting these roles, insights provided by YPs suggests that feeding a growing population necessitates looking beyond system efficiency to multivariate approaches of resource optimisation and utilisation in the field of irrigation and drainage