293 research outputs found
Effect of Expression Conditions on the Yield of Dika Nut (Irvingia Gabonesis) Oil under Uniaxial Compression
Efficient expression of Dika nut oil from the kernel is required for its subsequent use in producing
comparatively cheap lubricant. Various factors responsible for proper oil expression include particle size,
moisture content, heating temperature, heating time, pressing pressure and pressing time. Sundried Dika
kernel ground to two particle sizes (fine: ≤ 1.4 mm and coarse: between 1.4 and 2.8 mm) were
conditioned to moisture content of 3, 6 and 9 wt%. Considered in the study, are heating temperature
ranging from 50 to 150oC in steps of 25 degrees Celsius and heating time of 5 to 25 minutes in steps of 5
minutes. Pressing pressure of 5 to 25 MPa in steps of 5 MPa and pressing time of 2 minutes interval were
also considered. The maximum oil yield was then correlated with the processing conditions. Test results
showed that coarse particle gave higher oil yield. Maximum oil yield of 72.2% of the available oil was
obtained at 6% moisture content, heating temperature of 100oC and heating time of 10 minutes.
Regression analyses of the oil yield with heating temperature, heating time, and pressing gave r2 values
of 0.9678, 0.999 and 0.9128. The processing conditions therefore has significantly influence the quantity
of oil obtained from Dika kerne
Dika nut oil as base oil for lubricants—effect of processing conditions on physicochemical properties
The paper presents a report on the effect of processing conditions of Dika nut oil on its physicochemical properties and also on the assessment of the oil for use as biodegradable lubricant. The oil was expressed mechanically from coarsely ground kernel meals at 3 and 9 wt.% moisture content (wet basis), preheated at 75, 100 and 150 °C for 10, 20 and 30 min. The plots showed that the chemical properties of the oil had quadratic and linear relationships with the heating temperature and heating time, respectively. At 95% confidence level, the free fatty acid content, the saponification, the iodine and the acid values of the oil were significantly affected by various processing conditions. The processing conditions therefore showed significant influence on the physicochemical properties of the oil and consequently on its suitability for use as lubricant. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Computer Aided Plumbing Design
This study has been used to eliminate the rigorous activities and time consuming mathematical analysis involved in Plumbing design. The various mathematical steps employed in the design of plumbing systems has been converted into easily interpreted hand user computer program that can be used to generate automatically all the various parameters needed for full design work, when the input data such as head available, various number of fittings, actual length of pipe run and assumed pipe diameter are provided. This has been used to provide a pathway to easy plumbing desig
Separation theory for palm kernel and shell mixture on a spinning disc
The separation of palm kernel from the shell is an important process in the
recovery of the kernel for use in vegetable oil production. The inherent
shortcoming of the fertiliser spinner spreader, resulting in non-uniform
distribution, has led to investigations into the possibility of its use in the
separation of palm kernel from shell. The differences in the physical
properties of the kernel and shell provided the basis for separation. Models
describing the motion of the kernel and the shell on a spinning disc with
vanes, feeding a segment at a time, were developed, and comparisons between
the predictions and experimental results were made.
Discharge angles obtained from the predictive models and from the
experiment were in close agreement. The experiment, however, indicated a
mid-span, between the discharge angles for kernels and shells, containing the
mixture. The models reasonably predict approximate ranges of discharge
angles for palm kernels and shells on a spinning disc with specified diameter,
friction coefficient and rotational speed
Mathematical modelling of palm nut cracking based on Hertz's theory
A mathematical model based on Hertz's theory of contact stress was developed for the prediction of force required to break the palm nut. Using nuts subjected to a uniaxial compression stress, in their lateral axis between rigid parallel plates, and those propelled to impinge a rigid cylindrical seat along its lateral axis, experimental verification of the model was conducted comparing the theoretical predictions with estimates from the representations of conventional methods employed in nut cracking. Properties including size, shape and mass, required in the derived model were determined for two varieties of the palm nut. Material stiffness was obtained from the force–deformation curve.
Regression analysis showed an exponential variation of the cracking force with nut deformation. Material stiffness obtained was 654 N/mm and 303 N/mm for the ‘Dura’ and ‘Tenera’ nuts, respectively. The respective ranges of geometric mean diameters were 17·07–27·68 mm and 22·32–26.51 mm. There was no significant variation of nut sphericity with size or variety. Force prediction from the Hertzian model proposed gave good prediction of cracking force that was not significantly different from that obtained from a centrifugal nutcracker driven at 1500 min−1, with a 40 cm diameter cracking chambe
A Table Mounted Device for Cracking Dika Nut (Irvingia gabonensis)
A simply designed machine for cracking dika nut was fabricated. The nut is fed by hand inbetween a toggle mechanism comprising of the slider and a fixed block. Fracture mechanism was based on the deformation characteristics of dried dika nut under uni-axial compression. When actuated, the slider compresses the nutshell to failure along its line of symmetry. The experimental machine gave 100% cracking efficiency but with 24% kernel breakage in cracking sun-dried dika nut at 6.6% moisture content (w.b). The machine provides a viable and effective technique for safe dika kernel extraction
Design, fabrication and testing of a cassava pelletizer
This paper reports on the design of fabrication and testing of a machine for cottage level production of pellets from cassava mash. The pelletizer consists of a barreled screw auger which compresses cassava mash against perforated end plate, through which the pellets are pelletized. The result derived from the calculated design parameters (shaft diameter, tensile stress, torque, screw length, volumetric capacity mass flow rate and power rating) were used for the fabrication. The testing of the pelletizer was determined in terms of throughput of the machine, against the moisture content of the mash (18, 20 and 22% wb), die size (4, 6 and 8 mm) and the auger speed (90, 100 and 120 rpm). Test results showed that the pellets with the best quality attributes were obtained from cassava mash at 18% moisture content (wb) through the 4 mm die at 90 rpm and a maximum throughput of 54 kg/h
A table mounted device for cracking dika nut (Irvingia gabonensis)
A simply designed machine for cracking dika nut was fabricated. The nut is fed by hand inbetween a toggle mechanism comprising of the slider and a fixed block. Fracture mechanism was
based on the deformation characteristics of dried dika nut under uni-axial compression. When
actuated, the slider compresses the nutshell to failure along its line of symmetry. The
experimental machine gave 100% cracking efficiency but with 24% kernel breakage in cracking
sun-dried dika nut at 6.6% moisture content (w.b). The machine provides a viable and effective
technique for safe dika kernel extraction
Deformation and Dehulling of Sponge Gourd (Luffa aegyptiaca) Seeds
This work presents the compressive strength properties of sponge gourd (Luffa aegyptica)
seeds to facilitate the design or adaptation of an appropriate dehuller. The sizes and shape
indices of the seed and kernel, and the clearance of the kernel from the seed coat were
determined. The seed samples were subjected to uni-axial quasi-static compression tests at
1.0 mm min−1 along the minor and the major axes. The fracture resistance, stiffness modulus, modulus of elasticity, toughness, and maximum elastic deformation of the seed were
obtained from the force-deformation curve. The geometric mean diameters varied from 4.0
to 4.5 mm for the seed and 1.6 to 3.9 mm for the embedded kernel; while their corresponding sphericities were 0.64 and 0.62, respectively. The compressive strength of the seed varied
with loading orientation. The seed exhibited larger deformation but lower stiffness along the
major axis than the minor axis. The force required for rupturing the hull were 95 N along
the major axis and 81 N along the minor axis; while the corresponding energy required were
95 and 40 m
- …