Assessment of Protective Effect of Turmeric on Aspirin Induced Gastric Injury on Wistar Rats

Turmeric (from Zingiberaceae family) is highly regarded as a universal panacea in the herbal medicine with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. Forty eight adult rats (150g-200g body weight) were randomly divided into six (control, treatment, 3 post treatment and recovery) groups of eight rats each. Gastric injury were induced with the administration of different concentration of Aspirin and co treated with different concentration of Turmeric for a period of 14-28 days. It was histologically revealed that Aspirin can induced gastric injury and Turmeric protect gastric layers. There is need for more research work on the protective effect of Turmeric on gastric layers against gastric injury

Influence of counselling on career preference among secondary school students in Ekiti State,

ABSTRAC

The effect of air-fuel ratio on tailpipe exhaust emission of motorcycles

This article presents the actual AFR of the vehicular emission from the tailpipe data of motorcycles with petrol engine in Southwest Nigeria. It also presents the ratio between the actual air-fuel ratio (AFRactual) and the ideal/ stoichiometric air-fuel ratio (AFRideal) known as the equivalence air-fuel ratio or lambda (λ). This was compared with the expected value for lambda by the catalytic technology for exhaust gases emission, which is 1 (± 5%). In this study, over 95% of the sampled motorcycles have higher lambda values than expected, thereby emitting very high concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon dioxide (CO2). The Portable, Hand- Held, battery-operated Kane automotive 4-gas analyser with detector tube (Model Auto 4-1) was used to measure the automobile emissions. The air-fuel ratio is a significant indicator and very important measure for gasoline engine performance controlling and tuning, and anti vehicles exhaust emissions pollution reasons [1]. Internal combustion (IC) gasoline fuelled engines exhaust gases emission depend heavily and mainly on the air-fuel ratio. For a gasoline fuelled engine, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) exhaust gases emission are significantly influenced by air-fuel ratio. CO and HC are majorly generated or produced with rich air–fuel mixture, while NOx with lean air-fuel mixtures which mean that there is no fixed air-fuel mixture for which it can obtain the minimum for all exhaust gases emission [2]. This study can help in reducing fuel consumption, improving the quality of fuel combustion and reducing vehicle exhaust emissions in Nigeria

GASEOUS EMISSIONS CHARACTERIZATION FROM POTASSIUM NITRATE-BASED ROCKET COMPOSITE PROPELLANT COMBUSTION

This paper reports the gaseous compositions produced from the combustion of a laboratory-synthesized potassium nitrate (KNO3)-based rocket composite propellant. The exhaust emissions produced from the combustion of 10 different propellant formulations were analyzed using an E8500 portable industrial emission analyzer. The concentrations, emission factor, and emission rates of the gaseous pollutants were computed. The measured concentrations were then compared with the stationary source limit by the Federal Ministry of Environment standard (Nigeria) to establish their impact on air quality. The obtained concentrations were as follows: hydrocarbon (HC) ranged from 56 to 290 mg/m3, with an the average concentration of 145.72 ± 20.12 mg/m3; carbon monoxide (CO) ranged from 234 to 2030 mg/m3, with an average concentration of 1177.3 ± 154.2 mg/m3; nitrogen oxides ranged from 19.8 to 53.7 mg/m3, with an average concentration of 33.9 ± 4.18 mg/m3; sulfur dioxide ranged from 8.2 to 156.8 mg/m3, with an average concentration of 25.4 ± 14.67 mg/m3; and hydrogen sulfide ranged from 1 to 6 mg/m3, with an average concentration of 2.44 ± 0.50 mg/m3. The results indicate that HC and CO emissions from the combustion of KNO3-based composite propellant represent a great threat and concern in relation to air quality. Thus, the proper management and control of rocket launches using KNO3-based composite propellants needs to be immediately addressed; otherwise, such emissions could have negative effects on the atmospheric environment of rocket routers

Proximate analysis of some common charcoal in Southwestern Nigeria

analyses were carried out. The study aimed to characterize the identified charcoal and suggest the best charcoal that will give the minimal pollution effect. The result showed that the moisture content of the charcoal ranges between 3.26 and 8.40 wt% with an arithmetic mean of 5.36 ±1.50 wt%, the volatile content ranges between 3.05 and 13.62 wt% with an arithmetic mean of 7.20 ±3.55 wt%, the fixed carbon ranges between 76.83 and 90.57 wt% with an arithmetic mean of 83.54 ±4.60 wt%, and the ash content ranges between 3.09 and 5.18 wt% with an arithmetic mean of 3.87 ±0.70 wt%. The heating value of charcoal of different wood species were determined using Bomb calorimeter. Afzelia bipindensis has the highest ash content while Hevea brasiliensis has the lowest ash content. The heating value ranges 31.82–39.42 kJ/kg with a mean of 35.375 ±2.673 kJ/kg. This shows that Burkea africana could be best for use as a cooking fuel for households and restaurants because it has the best fuel property in terms of moisture content

IMPLICATIONS OF LACK OF MAINTENANCE OF VEHICLES ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

This paper reported the results of the investigation of vehicular emissions in selected roads in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Five roads: Olorunsogo, Alabata, Onibode, Kobape, and Ibara-Orile roads were considered with eight different vehicle types (Honda, Mazda, Mercedez Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Peugeot, Toyota, and Volkswagen) on each road. Vehicles were parked 8.0m away from the main road in downwind direction. The vehicular exhaust emissions monitored were CO2, O2, CO, and HC emissions. The total mean concentration of measured CO2 emission from vehicular exhaust on all the roads, ranged between 389100 ppm for Nissan and 465600 ppm for Mitsubishi; O2 emission ranged between 99000 ppm for Toyota and 192000 ppm for Peugeot, also CO emission ranged between 319400 ppm for Peugeot and 460800 ppm for Nissan while HC emission ranged between 2360 ppm for Toyota and 4652 ppm for Volkswagen. It could be noted that the air pollutants are high for most of the vehicles irrespective of the type and higher than both the European and Nigerian standards. This implies that vehicles are poorly maintained in Nigeria. This study therefore concluded that vehicular pollution in Abeokuta is significant with possible serious health and environmental consequences

In-vehicle and pedestrian exposure to carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds in a mega city

This study is to determine in-vehicle and pedestrian exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in six roadways in Lagos mega city. Measurements were made twice a day for two weeks for four major modes of transportation in the city using the MultiRae ambient gas monitor. The levels of CO measured were 4.40–39.78 ppm while that of VOCs were 0.00–0.39 ppm. Highest average CO and VOCs concentrations were obtained inside car during morning commuting periods. These average concentrations were found to be statistically significant when compared with other three transportation modes studied. The average concentrations of the pollutants in the morning were statistically similar to average concentration in the afternoon as Student's t test indicated no statistical significant difference (p N 0.05). This study revealed that car commuters are exposed to higher concentrations of CO and VOCs than bus and BRT commuters with pedestrians having the lowest exposure to the pollutants

Spatial Dispersion Modelling of Air Emissions from a Farm Using Gaussian Model

Agricultural activities may cause significant air pollution at the local, regional, and global scales due to the uncontrolled release of pollutants into the environment. This study therefore provided model-based spatial estimates of ground-level concentrations of air emissions from Landmark University Farm. The emission inventory and meteorological parameters of the farm were used to execute a Gaussian dispersion model over a distance of 2 km. Elevated ground-level concentrations were recorded, which continued to decrease as the distances increased. These concentrations exceeded threshold limits stipulated by National Ambient Air Quality Standard. The study concluded that high levels of air emissions obtained in this study are indications of tendencies for possible violation of permissible limits at locations not too far from the University Farm