SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESSES: TACKLING COVID-19 CHALLENGES BY CHANGING BUSINESS-MODELS

У цій роботі ми проаналізували  опитування, проведені серед  власників малих та середніх підприємств у всьому світі  (включаючи Україну), і дійшли висновку, вони стикаються з більшим ризиком, ніж великі фірми, які постраждали від пандемії  COVID-19.Проаналізувавши 4 типи рішень, запропонованих Р. Акоффом, ми дійшли висновку про використання одного з них для суб’єктів МСП - Solution для дотримання принципів прикладного системного аналізу. Absolution виявилося неефективним,Resolution - недостатньо  ефективним, Dissolution -  непридатним для вирішення  проблем, спричинених COVID-19.Для коригування бізнес-моделей пропонуємо власникам суб’єктів МСПвикористовувати канву бізнес-моделі від О. Остервальдера як просту та достатньо повну. В даній статті розробено шаблон зміни бізнес-моделі для малих та середніхпідприємств, який охоплює два рівні: аналіз (основні моменти, які  власники МСП повинні  проаналізувати в першу чергу) і другий рівень - деякі основні рішення, які можуть бути розроблений відповідно до проведеного аналізу.Розроблений шаблон практично застосовний для зміни бізнес-моделей малих та середніх підприємств в Україні та будь-якій іншій країні.In this paper the surveys conducted on small- and medium-sized enterprises around the world (including Ukraine) have been analyzed. SMEs face a  bigger risk than larger firms affected by COVID-19 pandemic. Although governments support them to a certain extent, SMEs are trying to survive the pandemic by themselves. It is true especially for Ukraine, where SMEs are an important element of economy (as they account for 77,9 percent of employment, generate 64,4% of share value added and 20 percent of GDP), but they do not have much hope for government help and do almost without it. Therefore they cut their costs, make employees  redundant, seek other ways to approach their customers despite severe COVID restrictions, and so on. They also adjust their business models to the new harsh environment, but they need guidance in this realm, how to make it correctly and efficiently.Having analyzed 4 types of solutions offered by R. Ackoff, we arrived at the conclusion of using one of them for SMEs - Solution, to comply with the principles of applied systems analysis. Absolution appeared ineffective, Resolution – not effective enough, and Dissolution – inapplicable for dissolving problems caused by COVID-19.For adjusting business-models we suggest owners of SMEs use Business Model Canvas by A. Osterwalder as a simple and comprehensive one. To the Canvas we added influence linesto show that some blocks influence mainly Cost structure, some others – mainly Revenue streams, and Value proposition, both of them. It could be said that Cost Structure is mainlyaffected from the supply side, and Revenue streams – from the demand side.The Template of Business Model Change for SMEs has bees worked in this study. It encompasses 2 levels: the first level – Analysis (the main points which SMEs owners should analyse first) and the second level – some main solutions which could be developed according to the analysis carried out. We have united 2 blocks devoted to customers into the one  (Customers&Relationships) so that prospective users could better understand these interconnected blocks and making decisions within them. The Template is practically applicable for changing the business models of small and medium-sized enterprises in Ukraine and any other country as well.The results obtained in the study can be used in further research in this realm

Measurement method of the object surface deflections using antennas theory

The method of remote measurement of object surface deflections using an artificially created system of secondary radiators located on this surface is considered. The physical basis of the method is a change of the pattern of radiators system due to their displacement under the loads influence. Radiators displacements which are included in the expression for the distorted antenna radiation pattern are determined by minimizing of the functional using a genetic algorithm. Reconstruction errors of radiators displacements are identified for different situations taking into account the ambiguity of the problem. The best conditions for the functioning of the method are recommended for the practical use

Application of the computational electromagnetics methods for determining the radar characteristics of targets in the decametric wave band

The problem of target scattering analysis is very important for radars. In becomes considerably complicated for the over-the-horizon radar where a number of additional factors stipulated by the effect of ionosphere, earth surface, etc. appear. The sum of these factors can change the radar characteristics of the target (RCT) sich as the elements of polarization scattering matrix (PSM). RCT determination is realized either by experiments or by a physical and mathematical simulation. Experiments and physical simulation require considerable material and time expenses and can be carried out as a rule under a number of limiting conditions. The mathematical simulation of RCT has no such disadvantage. But the main aim: a high reliability of results must be achieved in this case, that puts strict requirements on a choice of mathematical model