PROCESSING OF TRIGLYCERIDES TO DIESEL RANGE HYDROCARBON FUELS: EASILY PRACTICABLE SMALL SCALE APPROACH

Lipid fraction of biomass has been identified as carbon neutral substitution to fuels from fossil sources in the transportation sector. Although, the diesel engine, invented by Rudolph Diesel over a century ago first ran on peanut oil, the current combustion engines are designed to run on hydrocarbon fuels derived from petroleum. Therefore, a substitute for diesel fuel from renewable source will need to have identical or closely similar properties. The most popular of the existing technology for processing vegetable or animal oils is based on the conversion of the triglycerides constituents to fatty acids methyl esters (FAME). FAME technology does not produce diesel fuel with identical properties as petro-diesel. Other alternative processing routes are dilution of the vegetable oils, emulsification, pyrolysis and hydrotreating. These routes are discussed in this paper. Appropriate technologies for small scale production of diesel range hydrocarbon fuel from vegetable oil without the need for co-reactants such methanol or hydrogen as part of the feedstock is emphased. Also alternative catalyst systems in place of the expensive precious metal supported catalysts are suggested

Physical characterisation of some honey samples from North-Central Nigeria

Some physicochemical properties (water content, sugar content, viscosity, pH and conductivity) were determined for honey samples from North-Central Nigeria to evaluate their global behaviour and comparison with other honey samples. The water content and sugar content varied within the range of (18.22 - 36.82%) and (63.82 - 80.25%) respectively. The pH increased with increase in water content and the conductivities of the samples had correlation with proportion of minor constituents in the honey samples. The relationship among water content (w), temperature (t) and viscosity (�) for different honey samples of may be represented as � = 17.678× 10 3 exp (-0.32w - 0.088t). The temperature dependence of viscosity was evaluated with Arrhenius model, the activation energy with value of 70.07 kJ/g is fairly unaffected by moisture content

Physical characterisation of some honey samples from North-Central Nigeria

Some physicochemical properties (water content, sugar content, viscosity, pH and conductivity) were determined for honey samples from North-Central Nigeria to evaluate their global behaviour and comparison with other honey samples. The water content and sugar content varied within the range of (18.22 - 36.82%) and (63.82 - 80.25%) respectively. The pH increased with increase in water content and the conductivities of the samples had correlation with proportion of minor constituents in the honey samples. The relationship among water content (w), temperature (t) and viscosity (�) for different honey samples of may be represented as � = 17.678× 10 3 exp (-0.32w - 0.088t). The temperature dependence of viscosity was evaluated with Arrhenius model, the activation energy with value of 70.07 kJ/g is fairly unaffected by moisture content

SYNTHESIS OF (E)-N'-(5-bromo-SYNTHESIS OF (E)-N'-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)nicotinohydrazide) AND ITS Pt(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), Ni(II) AND Mo(V) COMPLEXES AS POTENTIAL ANTI-TUBERCULAR AGENT AGENT

The cold condensation reaction of nicotinic acid hydrazide and 5-bromo-2-hydoxylbenzaldehyde to form a tridentate Schiff base hydrazone ligand {H2L3 ) was studied. The prepared ligand was characterized using CHN analyzer, ESI mass spectrometry, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D NMR such as COSY and HSQC. Thereafter, five novel metal complexes [Pt(Il), Zn(ll), Mn{ll), Ni(JJ) and Mo(V)] of the hydrazone ligand were synthesized and characterized based on conductivity measurements, CHN analysis, AAS, magnetic measurement, UV/ Vis, IR, ESR and TGAIDTA study. The proposed structures of the metal complexes were further supported with the use of powder X-ray analysis. Antitubercular activity study of the compounds was evaluated against Mycobac/erium Juberculosis H37Rv by using microdiluted method. The study revealed that H2L3 exhibited promising anti-tubercular activity with MlC value of 0.82 j.igfmL. Also, metal complexes {(Pt(H2L3)Cl]- 0.88 IJg/mL, [Mn{H2L3)(CH3C00)2]- 0.78 JJ.g/mL, [Zn(H2e)(CH3C00)2H20]- 0.62 J.Lg/mL and [Ni{H2L3)(CI)2]H20- 1.19 J.Lg/mL) exhibited significant inhibition as compared to the standard drug (isoniazid- 0.91 j.ig/mL). Complex 2 and 3 with coordinated acetates showed two folds inhibition than standard isoniazid drug. However, complex 5 with coordinated chlorine atom displayed lower inhibition when compared to isoniazid

Structural and in vitro anti-tubercular activity study of (E)-N'-(2,6-dihydroxybenzylidene)nicotinohydrazide and some transition metal complexes

A template condensation of 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde with nicotinic hydrazide at 20 °C yielded a tridendate ligand with the formation of azomethine bond. The structure of the ligand, H3L2 was confirmed with the use of analytical and spectroscopic analysis such as CHN analysis, ESI mass spectrum, FTIR, UV-visible spectrum and NMR techniques. The use of 2D NMR further confirmed the structure of the ligand. Also, five ligand-metal complexes were synthesized using different techniques. The physico-chemical properties of the complexes were determined with the use of melting point determination, conductivity test, micro-analysis, metal content determination (AAS), magnetic susceptibility measurements, FTIR, UV-visible spectra, ESR, TG/DTG and p-Xray diffraction study. The structures of the metal complexes were elucidated based on the analytical and spectroscopic data obtained. However, the anti-tubercular activities of the compounds were evaluated against H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in vitro. The results obtained indicated that the metal complexes are more active than isoniazid with MIC = 0.91 μg/mL. V(II) complex was found to be the most active with MIC of 0.62 μg/mL while Cu(II) complex with MIC values of 0.85 μg/mL is the least potent among the metal complexes synthesized. However, the results of the cytotoxicity against vero cells indicated that the metal complexes are more toxic when compared to the standard drug

Transition Metal Complexes of (E)-N’- 4-cyanobenzylidene)nicotinohydrazide): Synthesis, Structural and Anti-Mycobacterial Activity Study

One step condensation of nicotinic acid hydrazide and 4-cyanobenzaldehyde formed a bidentate acylhydrazone ligand (HL5). The acylhydrazone was characterized by ESI mass spectrometer, CHN analyzer, IR spectrometer, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and 2D NMR (COSY and HSQC). Thereafter, Mn(II), Mo(V), Fe(II),Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of the cylhydrazone ligand were synthesized and characterized based on conductivity measurements, melting point determination, CHN analysis, AAS, magnetic measurement, UV/Visible study, IR spectroscopy, ESR and TGA/DTA studies. The information obtained corroborated results from powder X-ray analysis to arrive at the model structures for the complexes. In vitro antimycobacterial properties of the compounds were evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by using micro-diluted method. The result obtained revealed that HL5, Mn(II), Mo(V), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes exhibited promising antitubercular activity. Zn(II) complex had the highest MIC value of 0.62 μg MLG1, while Fe(II) complex exhibited the lowest MIC value of 1.15 μg MLG1. However, the result of cytotoxicity study indicated that acylhydrazone and Zn(II) complex with IC50 of 2.17 and 1.72 μM, respectively were not toxic compared to isoniazid. Mn(II) complex was however found to be the most toxic