Pharmacological evaluation and preclinical studies of hypochlorous acid solution

The article presents materials on the electrochemical synthesis of hypochlorous acid and its pharmacological and toxicological evaluation. In the market of veterinary drugs, special attention has been paid to long-known, potent detoxifying antimicrobial agents based on active oxygen obtained by the electrolysis method. In addition to a broad spectrum of antimicrobial action, such drugs have several other advantages, especially the biogenic nature, which causes the absence of allergic reactions. New electrocatalysts were proposed for the electrochemical synthesis of hypochlorous acid, which was produced according to the following method using a combined electrochemical-pyrolytic method. VT1-0 technical titanium was used as a current collector. The current collectors were subjected to several preliminary preparation steps, such as NaOH degreasing and etching in 6 M HCl. Initial nanotubes were obtained by anodizing Ti foil in ethylene glycol with 0.3 wt.% ammonium fluoride and 2 vol.% water for 4 hours. The electrochemical reduction was carried out in 1 M HClO4 by cathodic polarization for 1 hour. Later, a thin discontinuous layer of platinum or consecutive layers of platinum-palladium were applied to the base by electrodeposition. Nitrite electrolytes for platinization and phosphate-palladation were used for this purpose. Depending on the task, platinum, and palladium on the ground's surface varied from 0.1 to 2.0 mg/cm2. The obtained material was heat-treated in an air atmosphere. At this stage, the surface layers of composites were formed due to the oxidation of the base and encapsulation of platinum and palladium particles in titanium oxide. It was established that the solution of hypochlorous acid, obtained by the electrolysis method, is a low-hazard substance that belongs to the fourth class of toxicity. Its half-lethal dose (DL50) is not determined. The fact that, in nature, hypochlorite acid is formed by granulocytes of neutrophils involved in the last link of phagocytosis confirms that the resulting solution is low-toxic, environmentally safe, and incapable of causing side effects and distant consequences. The obtained results proved the perspective of using new technology for producing hypochlorite acid for veterinary medicine; its development is highly relevant, clinically expedient, and economically justified

Bi-doped PbO2 anodes: Electrodeposition and physico-chemical properties

The influence of bismuth ions on kinetics of lead dioxide electrodeposition from methanesulfonate elec-trolytes and physico-chemical properties of obtained coatings were studied. Experimental results areconsistent with a mechanism previously proposed in the literature for lead dioxide electrodeposition.The presence of bismuth ions in the electrodeposition solution causes a decrease of rate constants oflead dioxide formation due to co-adsorption phenomena. Deposits from solutions containing bismuthions appear shiny dark grey, and show good adhesion to metal support. SEM images reveal a compactstructure with spindle-shaped submicron and nanosized crystals and X-ray diffractograms demonstratedthat incorporation of bismuth diminishes the size of crystal particles. Oxygen evolution was investigatedto test electrocatalytic activity. It is shown, that oxygen overpotential on modified electrodes is signifi-cantly higher than on non-modified PbO2-electrode, which depends on bismuth content in deposit andsegregation of bismuth that induces surface heterogeneity due to sites with different electroactivity forwater oxidation. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd

The optimization of radiation protection composition

The aim of this work is to develop an algorithm of design of homogeneous composition of the radiation protective materials (RPM) for the optimization of radiation protection. Used for the investigation were the homogeneous radiation protective materials such as Abris, the production technology of which allows to obtain the desired concentration of fillers. The estimation of weakening ability of radiation protective material containing from 20 to 80% of barite, lead, tungsten, was carried out using high-precision calculation codes. To verify the results of calculations the experimental study of protective properties of Abris material with different concentrations of filling was carried out. Five sources of gamma radiation (60Co, 58Co, 198Au, 54Mn, 24Na) with characteristic energies of radiation were produced in IVV-2M research reactor for the experiment. A specially designed experimental installation and measuring device DKS-AT1123 were used. As a result of the research it was obtained the calculated dependency of radiation weakening coefficient for specific for different cases radioactive sources for the various compositions and thicknesses of the RPM. These data become initial for the optimization of radiation protection. Conclusions. 1. The design of RPM of homogeneous composition has considerable potential in the implementation of the radiation protection optimization principle. 2. A comparison oft he results of conducted studies of the gamma radiation dose weakening coefficient with homogeneous radiation protective materials of Abris RZ type depending on the composition and thickness showed that the difference between the experimental data and the values obtained by calculation does not exceed 5%. 3. The technology of production of Abris type homogeneous PRM allows to provide the required protective properties for the specific exposure conditions (composition of radioactive pollution)