The assessment of the implementation of fuel related legislations and their impact on air quality and public health

The main focus of Work Package 6 of the Aphekom project was: to develop innovative methods to analyse the decrease in air pollution levels following implementation of an European regulation to reduce the sulphur content in liquid fuels; to follow the evolution of health risks over time; to track related effect modifiers; and to quantify the monetary costs of health impacts of the implemented regulation

Profiling SO2 air pollution patterns in 9 EU Aphekom cities: The Aphekom Project

A detailed analysis of hourly pollutant concentrations mainly focusing on SO2 data obtained from 9 centres involved in the Aphekom project was conducted. This involved the generation of individual diurnal SO2 profiles in order to: (i) identify city specific patterns including source apportionment and quantification, (ii) track changes over time, (iii) analyse the changes in SO2 concentrations from different emission sources, i.e. traffic, heating, shipping and industrial sources, overtime

Mortality impacts of sulphur concetrations in 20 European cities in the APHEKOM Project

The implementation of three EU directives to reduce sulphur content in fuel was assessed for mortality impacts in 20 European cities, between 1990 and 2007 in the APHEKOM project. This specific study aimed to examine whether different lag structures apply to the relationships between cardiovascular and respiratory events and SO2 concentrations, which will therefore result in differences in mortality impacts from regulation implementation. Prior evidence has shown that cardiovascular mortality is more likely to be affected by SO2 concentrations on the same or the previous day of the event, while respiratory mortality more likely to show a delayed effect of exposure to the same pollutant

Investigation of a direction sensitive sapphire detector stack at the 5 GeV electron beam at DESY-II

Extremely radiation hard sensors are needed in particle physics experiments to instrument the region near the beam pipe. Examples are beam halo and beam loss monitors at the Large Hadron Collider, FLASH or XFEL. Currently artificial diamond sensors are widely used. In this paper single crystal sapphire sensors are considered as a promising alternative. Industrially grown sapphire wafers are available in large sizes, are of low cost and, like diamond sensors, can be operated without cooling. Here we present results of an irradiation study done with sapphire sensors in a high intensity low energy electron beam. Then, a multichannel direction-sensitive sapphire detector stack is described. It comprises 8 sapphire plates of 1 cm^2 size and 525 micro m thickness, metallized on both sides, and apposed to form a stack. Each second metal layer is supplied with a bias voltage, and the layers in between are connected to charge-sensitive preamplifiers. The performance of the detector was studied in a 5 GeV electron beam. The charge collection efficiency measured as a function of the bias voltage rises with the voltage, reaching about 10 % at 950 V. The signal size obtained from electrons crossing the stack at this voltage is about 22000 e, where e is the unit charge. The signal size is measured as a function of the hit position, showing variations of up to 20 % in the direction perpendicular to the beam and to the electric field. The measurement of the signal size as a function of the coordinate parallel to the electric field confirms the prediction that mainly electrons contribute to the signal. Also evidence for the presence of a polarisation field was observed.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, 3 table

The APHEKOM Project: A literature review of air pollution interventions and their impact of public health

Intervention studies play an important role in supporting and complementing scientific validation of results of epidemiological non-intervention studies linking air pollution and health. In this paper a collection of existing published intervention studies is reviewed with the aim to give a summarized overview spanning a variety of approaches regarding the type of the intervention and findings with the main focus on studies that assessed interventions that improved air quality and the associated positive impact on public health. Air pollution interventions were defined as events aimed at reducing air pollution and also events where air pollution reductions occurred as a side effect

Preliminary trials with optical fiber dosimeters at TTF

Ionizing radiation leads to a degradation of the light transmitting properties of fiber optic cables. These effects usually place restrictions on where they can be used in a particle accelerator facility. These effects can also be used to our advantage, the losses from a particle beam create wavelength dependant increases of attenuation by absorption and scattering which can be measured using Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR). From these measurements a measure of the radiation dose received can be inferred

Measurement of shower development and its Moli\`ere radius with a four-plane LumiCal test set-up

A prototype of a luminometer, designed for a future e+e- collider detector, and consisting at present of a four-plane module, was tested in the CERN PS accelerator T9 beam. The objective of this beam test was to demonstrate a multi-plane tungsten/silicon operation, to study the development of the electromagnetic shower and to compare it with MC simulations. The Moli\`ere radius has been determined to be 24.0 +/- 0.6 (stat.) +/- 1.5 (syst.) mm using a parametrization of the shower shape. Very good agreement was found between data and a detailed Geant4 simulation.Comment: Paper published in Eur. Phys. J., includes 25 figures and 3 Table

Performance of fully instrumented detector planes of the forward calorimeter of a Linear Collider detector

Detector-plane prototypes of the very forward calorimetry of a future detector at an e+e- collider have been built and their performance was measured in an electron beam. The detector plane comprises silicon or GaAs pad sensors, dedicated front-end and ADC ASICs, and an FPGA for data concentration. Measurements of the signal-to-noise ratio and the response as a function of the position of the sensor are presented. A deconvolution method is successfully applied, and a comparison of the measured shower shape as a function of the absorber depth with a Monte-Carlo simulation is given.Comment: 25 pages, 32 figures, revised version following comments from referee

Luminometer for the future International Linear Collider - simulation and beam test results

LumiCal will be the luminosity calorimeter for the proposed International Large Detector of the International Linear Collider (ILC). The ILC physics program requires the integrated luminosity to be measured with a relative precision on the order of 10e-3, or 10e-4 when running in GigaZ mode. Luminosity will be determined by counting Bhabha scattering events coincident in the two calorimeter modules placed symmetrically on opposite sides of the interaction point. To meet these goals, the energy resolution of the calorimeter must be better than 1.5% at high energies. LumiCal has been designed as a 30-layer sampling calorimeter with tungsten as the passive material and silicon as the active material. Monte Carlo simulation using the Geant4 software framework has been used to identify design elements which adversely impact energy resolution and correct for them without loss of statistics. BeamCal, covering polar angles smaller than LumiCal, will serve for beam tuning, luminosity optimisation and high energy electron detection. Secondly, prototypes of the sensors and electronics for both detectors have been evaluated during beam tests, the results of which are also presented here.Comment: Technology and Instrumentation in Particle Physics 2011, Chicago, IL, USA. Presented June 11, 2011, and submitted to Physics Procedi

Анализ эффективности работы водогрейных котлоагрегатов при сжигании непроектного топлива районной котельной г. Междуреченска

Цель работыэнтальпия – Представить расчет раздел работыражениям котельной на непроектное средня топливо. В процессе исследования оперативной проводилисьдействия: укрупненный расчетпринте котла, рас- чет выбросов, обрудвания расчетхолднг на экономический эффект. В социальня результате исследования выявлено, что при отпущен переходеколичество с проектного на непроектноетраку увеличится расход расход топливаподмсквный на котел, чуть создание улучшится экологич- ность водяных выбросовобрудвание.The purpose of robotically is to Provide a calculation section rabotadatel the boiler on the average non-design fuel. In the research process, operational probabilistically: simplified accetpance the boiler emission calculations, obrudovanija, rescheduling on economic effect. In social the result of the study revealed that when released periodicamente with the design on nephroectomy will increase consumption consumption toplivopotreblenija to the boiler, just create improve the sustainability of water wypracowanie