The Potential Role of Aerobic Exercise-Induced Pentraxin 3 on Obesity-Related Inflammation and Metabolic Dysregulation

Obesity is defined as the excess accumulation of intra-abdominal body fat, resulting in a state of chronic, low-grade proinflammation that can directly contribute to the development of insulin resistance. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an acute-phase protein that is expressed by a variety of tissue and cell sources and provides an anti-inflammatory property to downregulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines, in particular interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Although PTX3 may therapeutically aid in altering the proinflammatory milieu in obese individuals, and despite elevated expression of PTX3 mRNA observed in adipose tissue, the circulating level of PTX3 is reduced with obesity. Interestingly, aerobic activity has been demonstrated to elevate PTX3 levels. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the therapeutic potential of PTX3 to positively regulate obesity-related inflammation and discuss the proposition for utilizing aerobic exercise as a nonpharmacological anti-inflammatory treatment strategy to enhance circulating PTX3 concentrations in obese individuals

Reviews

Obra ressenyada: Richard ALLSOPP, Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996

BANKRUPTCY - CORPORATE REORGANIZATION - VALIDITY OF PROCESS OUTSIDE TERRITORIAL CONFINES OF FEDERAL DISTRICT COURT

Debtor corporation had contracted with defendant, operator of a retail store, whereby defendant agreed to sell debtor\u27s products exclusively and to buy all of his supplies from debtor. While debtor was in the course of section 77 B reorganization proceedings, defendant refused to continue to comply with the contract, Defendant resided and did business in the same state and federal judicial circuit in which the reorganization court was located, but not within the territorial confines of the court, nor was process served upon defendant within the court\u27s territorial jurisdiction. Debtor moved for specific performance of the contract. Held, debtor\u27s motion should be denied on the ground that the court had no power to issue its process beyond its territorial limits. In re Avondale Farms Dairy Inc., (D. C. Pa. 1938) 25 F. Supp. 605

TAXATION - FEDERAL ESTATE TAX - INTER VIVOS TRUST AS GIFT TO TAKE EFFECT IN POSSESSION OR ENJOYMENT AT DEATH

On May 14, 1919, decedent set up six trusts, appointing life estates with remainders over. Each trust deed provided: This Trust may, during the lifetime of the Grantor, be amended or revoked on the joint consent of the Grantor and the Trustees. The remainderman, who was the same person in each trust, was also one of the three trustees. Decedent died on September 4, 1928. The Board of Tax Appeals sustained the contention of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue that the value of the life estates should be included in the decedent\u27s gross estate by virtue of section 302 (c) of the Revenue Act of 1926, as gifts intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at or after his death. On appeal it was held, by a two to one decision, that the Board of Tax Appeals erred, since the remainderman\u27s interests were adverse to amendment or revocation of those parts of the trusts granting life estates, and since section 302 (d) should not be applied retroactively. Mackay v. Commissioner, (C. C. A. 2d, 1938) 94 F. (2d) 558

SECURITIES LEGISLATION - PUBLIC UTILITY HOLDING COMPANY ACT OF 1935 - EXTENSION OF MATURITY DATE AS NEW ISSUE

Defendant a public utility holding company, wished to obtain a one year extension of the maturity date of its unsecured 5 1/2 % Convertible Investment Certificates by inducing the holders thereof to assent to such extension in return for a twenty per cent payment of the principal of each certificate. The Securities and Exchange Commission sued to enjoin defendant from using the mails or other instrumentalities of interstate commerce in carrying out its plan, because defendant had not filed a declaration under section 7 of the Public Utilities Holding Company Act of 1935, in connection with the proposed extension. Held, defendant should be so enjoined, on the ground that such extension was an issue or sale of securities within the meaning of section 6 (a) (1) of the act. Securities and Exchange Commission v. Associated Gas & Electric Co., (C. C. A. 2d, 1938) 99 F. (2d) 795

CORPORATIONS - DERIVATIVE SUITS - INSOLVENCY AS A BAR

Plaintiff, stockholder in defendant bank, brought a derivative suit against the bank\u27s directors to recover moneys allegedly wrongfully appropriated by them from the bank\u27s assets. Before the commencement of the suit the bank had become insolvent and was in the process of liquidation. Held, the directors\u27 motion to dismiss should be granted, since a stockholder may not maintain an action to hold an insolvent corporation\u27s directors liable for fraud or mismanagement unless it appears that he will be benefited by the relief demanded, and full recovery here would still leave an excess of liabilities over assets. Falvey v. Foreman-State National Bank, (C. C. A. 7th, 1939) 101 F. (2d) 409

BANKRUPTCY - CORPORATE REORGANIZATION - SECTION 77B - CHAPTER X OF THE CHANDLER ACT - RIGHT OF CREDITOR TO QUESTION THE GOOD FAITH OF A REORGANIZATION PETITION

Appellants, two creditors of debtor, objected to the approval of a reorganization petition filed under section 77B by appellees, who were also creditors of debtor, claiming that the petition was not filed in good faith. Held, that appellants had sufficient standing to question the approval of the petition, since any single creditor may raise the issue of the good faith of the petitioners. Snyder v. Fenner, (C. C. A. 3d, 1939) 101 F. (2d) 736