ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ХРОНІЧНОЇ ТОКСИЧНОСТІ КОМПЛЕКСНОГО ЗАСОБУ ДЛЯ ЛІКУВАННЯ ЦИСТИЦЕРКОЗУ У КРОЛІВ

The article presents the data of a preclinical test of a means for the treatment of cysticercosis in rabbits by intra-gastric administration to white mice. Cysticercus pisiformis is a disease caused by ingestion of eggs of Taenia pisiformis in food or water, a tapeworm that parasitizes the small intestine of dogs and other carnivores. As a result of the invasion, the body loses its ability to fully function, the resistance of the immune system to infectious diseases decreases. In order to avoid the spread of the disease, it is necessary to make a timely diagnosis. The obtained data can be used to take the necessary measures against infestations and are important to prevent the selective use of anti-parasitic agents, which can lead to anthelmintic resistance. The purpose of the work was to determine the parameters of chronic toxicity of the developed complex anti-parasitic agent for the treatment of rabbits for cysticercosis on white mice under experimental conditions. The animals of the experimental groups were given an aqueous mixture of 0.0002 dm3 of the drug containing the following doses of the drug daily for 12 days: 1/100 DL50 ‒ 16.80 mg/kg (I group); 1/50 DL50 ‒ 33.58 mg/kg (II group); 1/25 DL50 ‒ 67.18 mg/kg (III group). On the next day after the last administration of the drug, on mice, under the condition of light ether narcosis, blood samples were taken for morphological and biochemical studies. The agent for the treatment of cysticercosis in rabbits, at doses of 1/50 DL50 and 1/25 DL50, resulted in a slight decrease in hemoglobin content and erythrocyte count compared to the control, but it did not suppress bone marrow erythropoiesis in laboratory animals. A decrease in the number of lymphocytes and a slight increase in the level of neutrophils were recorded, which indicates the irritating effect of increased doses of the active substance of the drug. According to the classification of chemical substances by degree of danger (DST 12.1.007–76), it belongs to the class of "moderately toxic substances".У статті наведено дані доклінічного випробування засобу для лікування цистицеркозу кролів за вутрішньошлункового введення білим мишам. Cysticercus pisiformis ‒ це цестодозне захворювання, що виникає внаслідок заковтування з кормом або водою яєць Taenia pisiformis ‒ ціп’яка, який паразитує в тонкому відділі кишечнику собак та інших м’ясоїдних. Внаслідок інвазії організм втрачає здатність до повноцінного функціонування, знижується опірність імунної системи інфекційним захворюванням. Щоб уникнути поширення хвороби, потрібно вчасно встановити діагноз. Отримані дані можуть бути використані для застосування необхідних заходів щодо інвазій і бути важливими для запобігання вибіркового використання протипаразитарних засобів, що може призвести до стійкості щодо антигельмінтиків.  Метою роботи було в умовах експерименту визначити параметри хронічної токсичності розробленого комплексного протипаразитарного засобу для лікування кролів за цистицеркозу на білих мишах. Тваринам дослідних груп щоденно упродовж 12 діб задавали водну суміш 0,0002 дм3 препарату з вмістом таких доз препарату: 1/100 DL50 ‒ 16,80 мг/кг (І група); 1/50 DL50 ‒ 33,58 мг/кг (ІІ група); 1/25 DL50 ‒ 67,18 мг/кг (ІІІ група). На наступну добу після останнього введення лікувального засобу у мишей, за умови легкого ефірного наркозу, відбирали зразки крові для проведення морфологічних та біохімічних досліджень. Засіб для лікування цистицеркозу кролів у дозах 1/50 DL50 та 1/25 DL50 призвів до незначного зниження вмісту гемоглобіну та кількості еритроцитів, у порівнянні до контролю, але він не пригнічував еритропоез кісткового мозку у лабораторних тварин. Реєстрували зменшення кількості лімфоцитів і незначне зростання рівня нейтрофілів, що вказує на подразнюючий вплив збільшених доз діючої речовини препарату. Згідно із класифікацією хімічних речовин за ступенем небезпечності (ДСТ 12.1.007–76), він належить до класу «помірно токсичні речовини»

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВІКОВОЇ СПЕЦИФІКИ СИТУАЦІЙ МОРАЛЬНОГО ВИБОРУ В ПЕРІОД РАННЬОЇ ЮНОСТІ

The paper is aimed at analyzing the approaches to specifying the moral choice situations pertinent to the age of early youth. Classi?cation of moral choice situations is postulated to be based on the leading types of relationships at the age of early youth, namely: “a high school student – an unknown person”, “a high school student – one`s own family”, “a high school student – a friend”. The actualization of the age speci?c requirements on the basis of which the boundaries  of  interaction between  the  personality  and  the  surrounding  world  are  enriched  is re?ected in the restructuring of the system of relationships “a high school student – an unknown person”.  The  actualization  of  the  contradictory  by  nature  requirements  of  “detaching”  and “af?liation” is distinctly traced in the mentioned above examples of moral choice situations, which re?ects the system of relationships “a high school student – a friend”. Qualitative changes in the interaction between students of high school and signi?cant adults caused by the need of autonomy and convergence, are re?ected in the system of relationships “a high school student – one`s own family”.Проанализированы  возрастные  особенности  специфики  ситуаций  морального  выбора,  актуальных  для  личности  в  период  ранней  юности.  Рассматривается классификация ситуаций морального выбора, в основу которой положены характеристики ведущих систем отношений в период ранней юности: «старшеклассник – незнакомый человек», «старшеклассник – семья», «старшеклассник – друзья».Розглянуто особливості вікової специфіки ситуацій морального вибору, що є актуальними для особистості в період ранньої юності. Подається класифікація ситуацій  морального вибору,  що  ґрунтується  на  основних  характеристиках  провідних систем відносин, які виникають у період ранньої юності, а саме: «старшокласник – незнайома людина», «старшокласник – родина», «старшокласник – друзі»

Endoparasitoses of the Eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) on the northern Black Sea coast of Ukraine

One of the main tasks of ecological parasitology at the present stage is to determine patterns of spread of invasive diseases of poultry in the environment through a thorough epidemiological examination, as well as to determine the main directions and factors of spread of parasites in Ukraine. Some pigeon health problems can affect their populations, but parasitic infections play an important role. Our research found that 83.3% of Eurasian collared doves examined (Streptopelia decaocto) were affected by endoparasites. The commonest helminths were Raillietina spp. with the average invasion intensity of 4.9 ± 1.3 specimens/ind., Baruscapillaria spp. and Ascaridia columbae with an invasion intensity of 4.6 ± 1.5 and 3.7 ± 2.1 specimens/ind., respectively. The commonest cestodes were Raillietina spp. with the extent of invasion of 52.2% and Davainea proglottina – 6.7%. The Amoebotaenia cuneata cestodes were recorded in 3 (3.3%) doves, and Echinolepis carioca – only in 2 (2.2%) doves. Six doves (6.7%) were infected with the nematode Ascaridia columbae and 5 (5.6%) – Baruscapillaria spp. Eimerian oocysts were found in 9 (10%) collared doves, and Trichomonas gallinae was recorded in 15 (16.7%) birds. According to the results of helminthological autopsy and identification of the isolated pathogens, 8 varieties of mixinvasions were identified. In association with the Rayetins, there were the protozoa Eimeria spp. and Trichomonas gallinae and the nematode Ascaridia columbae. Two-component invasions were registered in 78.6% of doves, three-component infestations in 14.3% and four-component infestations in 7.1% of birds. Mixed infection with Raillietina spp. + Ascaridia columbae was found in the small intestine of Streptopelia decaocto, which was also pathomorphologically observed to have catarrhal-hemorrhagic enteritis, which was accompanied by the formation of a large number of spotted hemorrhages on the mucous membrane, and in the places of attachment of cestodes - necrotic-caseous areas. Temperature and other weather conditions such as humidity, precipitation, etc. of the northern Black Sea coast affect the population size of intermediate host cestodes. Continuous monitoring of invasive diseases of pigeons of different species will help to take the necessary preventive measures against endoparasitoses of birds

The comparative evaluation of complex drugs based on fipronil for ectoparasitosis of dogs and cats

The article presents data on the effectiveness of new domestic antiparasitic drug “Insectostop for dogs and cats” in comparison to the reference drugs “Burdi Fipro for dogs” and “Burdi Fipro for cats” that is used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes against ectoparasitosis of dogs and cats of different breeds. According to the results of the research, the parasitism of fleas of Ctenocephalus canis, C. felis and Pulex irritans species and parasitiform mites of the Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus species and sarcoptiform mites of the species Otodectes cynotis were detected on experimental animals. Clinically, this was inspected by redness, inflammation of the skin, itching reflex, the emergence of papules on the skin, scales. Based on the results, it was found that 8 hours after usage of the experimental drug “Insectostop for dogs and cats” its effectiveness in syphonapterosis of dogs was 87.9 %, and after usage of the reference drug “Bourdie Fipro for dogs” – 86.9 %, and in experiments on cats, the effectiveness of the experimental drug for siphonapterosis in cats was 92.4 %, and the reference drug “Bourdie Fipro for cats” – 90.3 %. Starting from the first and third days after usage of drugs on the fur of dogs and cats of the experimental and control groups, parasitological studies did not reveal fleas of the species Ctenocephalus canis, C. felis and Pulex irritans. So starting from the first day, the experimental and reference drugs showed 100 % effectiveness during the siphonapterosis in dogs and cats. During the ixodidosis of dogs, it was found that at the 8-th hour after usage of the experimental drug “Insectostop for dogs and cats” its effectiveness was 82.9 %, and after usage of the reference drug “Bourdie Fipro for dogs” – 81.3 %. At the 24-th hour after usage of the experimental drug, its effectiveness was 97.6 %, and after usage of the reference drug – 95.9 %. At the 72nd hour of the experiment, no adult representatives of the species Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus were found on the fur of dogs of these groups. Thus, at 72 hours after usage of the experimental and reference drug, they showed 100 % efficiency on adult Ixodes mites. During the Otodectesis of dogs it was found that on the 7th day, effectiveness of the experimental drug was 75.6 %, on the 14th day – 98.1 % and after usage of the reference drug “Bourdi Fipro for dogs” its effectiveness on the 7th day was 73.5 %, and on the 14th – 98.3 %. At 21-st days after treatment of animals with drugs as a result of clinical examination and parasitological examination of dogs mites of the species Otodectes cynotis were not detected. In experiments on cats, on the 7th day after usage of experimental drug, its effectiveness during Otodectesis of cats was 76.9 %, and after usage of reference drug – 77.1 %. As a result of clinical examination and parasitological study of the experimental and control groups of animals on the 14th day after treatment of the auricles of cats with mites of the species Otodectes cynotis was not detected. Thus, usage of both drugs promotes the release of Otodectesis in dogs from parasites on the 21st day of the experiment, and cats – on the 14th day. Tests have shown that the experimental drug “Insectostop for dogs and cats” (100 ml of the drug contains the active substance: fipronil – 10 g) does not cause skin irritation, dermatitis, seborrhea, allergic and other side effects, that the drug is well tolerated by dogs and cats and doesn’t give any side effects and changes of clinical condition of animals

Parasites of domestic and wild pigeons in the south of Ukraine

Pigeons are closely related to human life and are both a source of food and object for hobbies and sports. Parasitic diseases of birds are the main reason for their growth retardation, reduced productivity and viability. The article presents the results of studying the prevalence of trichomonosis, cestodes and nematodes among the population of wild and domestic pigeons in the south of Ukraine. According to the results of the conducted researches it is established that in the south of Ukraine endoparasitoses of domestic and wild pigeons are quite widespread, and all species of this bird are carriers of Trichomonas gallinae. At the same time, the highest rate of Trichomonas infection was recorded in Columba palambus and C. livia domestica, and the overall infestation of males is higher by 4.4% compared to females. It was determined that domestic pigeons C. livia domestica were infested with trichomonosis (27.5%) and nematodes (Ascaridia columbae, 57.1%), C. palambus – trichomonosis (32.1%) and cestodes (Raillietina spp., 82.4%), Streptopelia turtur – cestodes (Raillietina spp., 12.5%) and S. decaocto – cestodes (Raillietina spp., 71.4%) and nematodes (Heterakis gallinarum, A. columbae – 33.3% and 44.4% respectively). The overall rate of infestation of pigeons with cestodes was 28.4% and the incidence in males was higher by 3.9% compared to females. It was found that the most common species among pigeon cestodes is Raillietina spp. In addition, 22.9% of pigeons are carriers of nematodes (H. gallinarum, A. columbae and Capillaria spp.). Continuous monitoring of pigeon parasites is necessary because they, in most cases, come into contact with other species of poultry and are a source of general invasion. In terms of further research, it would be promising to study the prevalence of helminthic infestation among wild migratory birds

Endoparasites of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) in Southern Ukraine

One of the main tasks of ecological parasitology at the present stage is to establish patterns of spread of invasive diseases of animals in the environment through a thorough epidemiological examination, as well as to determine the main directions and factors of spread of parasites in Ukraine. Among the many pathogens, endoparasites play a major role in a number of diseases in rabbits with increased morbidity and mortality. In the body of both wild and domestic rabbits several species of parasites that form a parasitocenosis can be localized. The latter have a pathogenic effect on organs and tissues, leading to reduced weight gain, premature slaughter and even mortality. The prevalence of endoparasitoses was studied in weaned rabbits 60 days of age, 120 days of age at fattening, 180 days of age – mating age and adults of 320 days of age to determine the extensiveness and intensity of the dominant invasion. A total of 720 head was studied, 180 animals from each age group. Three species of nematodes were recorded in the rabbits: Trichostrongylus retortaeformis (Zeder, 1800), Nematodirus leporis (Ransom, 1907) and Passalurus ambiguus (Rudolphi, 1819); the cestode Taenia pisiformis (Bloch, 1780); three species of Emeria: Eimeria stiedae (Lindermann, 1865), which parasitizes in the bile ducts of the liver and gallbladder, E. magna (Perard, 1925) and E. media (Kessel, 1929) – in the epithelial cells of the intestine. The prevalence of the infestation depends on the age of the animals. According to the data obtained, eimeriosis was one of the main parasitic diseases of the rabbits. Dominant invasions of Eimeria in the intestines of 60-day-old rabbits were found in the studied animals, their extensiveness reached 19.4%, while the spread of hepatic Eimeria was registered in 13.3% of the examined rabbits. The total infestation of weaned rabbits with helminths was 22.2%, in rabbits for fattening – 26.7%, and in rabbits of mating age and adults – 20.0% and 20.6%, respectively. Global climate change will change the distribution and dynamics of soil-borne helminthiases, but host immunity may also affect host-parasite interactions. Subsequent studies will be aimed at elucidating the effect of mono and mixed invasions on the body of rabbits. Updated data on helminthiasis will expand the screening strategy to maintain rabbit health and reduce economic losses

Neural networks in Machine learning

В статті розглянуті основи роботи з нейронними мережами, особливу увагу приділено моделі мережі під назвою «перцептрон», запровадженої Френком Розенблаттом. До того ж було розкрито тему найпоширеніших мов програмування, що дозволяють втілити нейронні мережі у життя, шляхом створення програмного забезпечення, пов`язаного з ними.The paper covers the basic principles of Neural Networks’ work. Special attention is paid to Frank Rosenblatt’s model of the network called “perceptron”. In addition, the article touches upon the main programming languages used to write software for Neural Networks