Blockchain: Trouble in the Enterprise?

There has been substantial hype about the use of blockchain for supply chain and trade finance, proclaiming that it would “change the world.” Although during 2016-2018 blockchain was riding high on the hype curve, in 2019 it fell into the trough of disillusionment. Along the way, some consultants have recently stopped promoting blockchain and attention appears have shifted away from enterprise blockchain systems. As a result, it probably is not surprising that recently there have been several instances where those enterprise blockchain efforts went insolvent or were shutdown. This paper investigates those blockchain systems and identifies some of the potential factors affecting the success of those systems. We also provide some potential approaches to mitigate the limitations of those applications

Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed Methyl/Allyl Monolayers on Si(111)

The formation of mixed methyl/allyl monolayers has been accomplished through a two-step halogenation/alkylation reaction on Si(111) surfaces. The total coverage of alkylated Si, the surface recombination velocities, and the degree of surface oxidation as a function of time have been investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and microwave conductivity measurements. The total coverage of alkyl groups, the rate of oxidation, and the surface recombination velocities of Si(111) terminated by mixed monolayers were found to be close to those observed for CH_3−Si(111) surfaces. Hence, the mixed-monolayer surfaces retained the beneficial properties of CH_3−Si(111) surfaces while allowing for convenient secondary surface functionalization

Temperature-Robust Neural Function from Activity-Dependent Ion Channel Regulation

Many species of cold-blooded animals experience substantial and rapid fluctuations in body temperature. Because biological processes are differentially temperature dependent, it is difficult to understand how physiological processes in such animals can be temperature robust [1–8]. Experiments have shown that core neural circuits, such as the pyloric circuit of the crab stomatogastric ganglion (STG), exhibit robust neural activity in spite of large (20$^{\circ}$C) temperature fluctuations [3, 5, 7, 8]. This robustness is surprising because (1) each neuron has many different kinds of ion channels with different temperature dependencies (Q$_{10}$s) that interact in a highly nonlinear way to produce firing patterns and (2) across animals there is substantial variability in conductance densities that nonetheless produce almost identical firing properties. The high variability in conductance densities in these neurons [9, 10] appears to contradict the possibility that robustness is achieved through precise tuning of key temperature-dependent processes. In this paper, we develop a theoretical explanation for how temperature robustness can emerge from a simple regulatory control mechanism that is compatible with highly variable conductance densities [11–13]. The resulting model suggests a general mechanism for how nervous systems and excitable tissues can exploit degenerate relationships among temperature-sensitive processes to achieve robust function.Charles A. King Trust Fellowship, National Institutes of Health (Grant IDs: NS 081013, NIH 1P01NS079419

Regulatory Role of Voltage-Gated Na+ Channel β Subunits in Sensory Neurons

Voltage-gated sodium Na+ channels are membrane-bound proteins incorporating aqueous conduction pores that are highly selective for sodium Na+ ions. The opening of these channels results in the rapid influx of Na+ ions that depolarize the cell and drive the rapid upstroke of nerve and muscle action potentials. While the concept of a Na+-selective ion channel had been formulated in the 1940s, it was not until the 1980s that the biochemical properties of the 260-kDa and 36-kDa auxiliary β subunits (β1, β2) were first described. Subsequent cloning and heterologous expression studies revealed that the α subunit forms the core of the channel and is responsible for both voltage-dependent gating and ionic selectivity. To date, 10 isoforms of the Na+ channel α subunit have been identified that vary in their primary structures, tissue distribution, biophysical properties, and sensitivity to neurotoxins. Four β subunits (β1–β4) and two splice variants (β1A, β1B) have been identified that modulate the subcellular distribution, cell surface expression, and functional properties of the α subunits. The purpose of this review is to provide a broad overview of β subunit expression and function in peripheral sensory neurons and examine their contributions to neuropathic pain

Using AI to Read Contracts

Artificial Intelligence (AI) recently has received substantial attention. This paper provides a case that allows investigation of an AI application that is designed to read contracts and provide a structured summary of the contract. The system uses an ontology to drive the user through reading the contract. The system also uses a human-in-the-loop to help the system choose which snippets of information correspond to parts of the ontology. This paper asks the reader to analyze some possible extensions to the approach, as the head of an innovation lab analyzes how the system works and looks for extensions. Finally, the paper investigates the impact of AI on key organizational issues such as responsible and trusted AI, the impact of AI on organizations and work and system acceptance issues

Traces, CSLBS Newsletter Winter 2023

With contributions from Matthew J. Smith, Lila O’Leary Chambers, and Celia E. Naylor

Dynamic Recognition of the mRNA Cap by Saccharomyces cerevisiae eIF4E

SummaryRecognition of the mRNA 5′ m7G(5′)ppp(5′)N cap is key to translation initiation for most eukaryotic mRNAs. The cap is bound by the eIF4F complex, consisting of a cap-binding protein (eIF4E), a “scaffold” protein (eIF4G), and an RNA helicase (eIF4A). As a central early step in initiation, regulation of eIF4F is crucial for cellular viability. Although the structure and function of eIF4E have been defined, a dynamic mechanistic picture of its activity at the molecular level in the eIF4F⋅mRNA complex is still unavailable. Here, using single-molecule fluorescence, we measured the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae eIF4F factors, mRNA secondary structure, and the poly(A)-binding protein Pab1p on eIF4E-mRNA binding dynamics. Our data provide an integrated picture of how eIF4G and mRNA structure modulate eIF4E-mRNA interaction, and uncover an eIF4G- and poly(A)-independent activity of poly(A)-binding protein that prolongs the eIF4E⋅mRNA complex lifetime

Crowdsourcing in the Quaternary sea level community: insights from the Pliocene

In order to establish the ‘fingerprint’ of past sea level changes, many field measurements of paleo sea level from globally distributed locations are needed. It is because this problem requires a geographically expansive database that it becomes an ideal candidate for crowdsourcing techniques. In order to crowdsource sea level data from the Mid-Pliocene Warm Period, we developed three tools: PlioWiki, RSLcalc and RSLmap. PlioWiki is a web portal, open to contributions, where investigators can share knowledge on Pliocene to Quaternary relative sea levels. RSLcalc is a standardized, ready-to-use tool for field geologists to log their own sea level field observations and, if they desire, submit new data to an open access database of relative sea level markers. RSLmap allows one to visualize and query the database built with RSLcalc on a Google Map interface. Here we describe these tools and discuss the advantages of crowdsourcing, relative to traditional approaches, for the creation of sea level databases for any time period

Civic Engagement Assessment: Linking Activities to Attitudes

In the March-April 2005 issue of Assessment Update, Trudy Banta issued a call to readers to provide information on individual campuses’ efforts to assess civic engagement. This call has prompted us to share the multifaceted approach that Tuffs University has taken to describe and assess this area of student endeavor. Specifically, we will describe an in-depth study designed to investigate undergraduates’ participation in and attitudes toward civic engagement