184 research outputs found
Reversible plasticity in amorphous materials
A fundamental assumption in our understanding of material rheology is that
when microscopic deformations are reversible, the material responds elastically
to external loads. Plasticity, i.e. dissipative and irreversible macroscopic
changes in a material, is assumed to be the consequence of irreversible
microscopic events. Here we show direct evidence for reversible plastic events
at the microscopic scale in both experiments and simulations of two-dimensional
foam. In the simulations, we demonstrate a link between reversible plastic
rearrangement events and pathways in the potential energy landscape of the
system. These findings represent a fundamental change in our understanding of
materials--microscopic reversibility does not necessarily imply elasticity.Comment: Revised pape
Viscoplasticity and large-scale chain relaxation in glassy-polymeric strain hardening
A simple theory for glassy polymeric mechanical response which accounts for
large scale chain relaxation is presented. It captures the crossover from
perfect-plastic response to strong strain hardening as the degree of
polymerization increases, without invoking entanglements. By relating
hardening to interactions on the scale of monomers and chain segments, we
correctly predict its magnitude. Strain activated relaxation arising from the
need to maintain constant chain contour length reduces the dependence of
the characteristic relaxation time by a factor during
active deformation at strain rate . This prediction is consistent
with results from recent experiments and simulations, and we suggest how it may
be further tested experimentally.Comment: The theoretical treatment of the mechanical response has been
significantly revised, and the arguments for coherent relaxation during
active deformation made more transparen
Elastic Correlations in Nucleosomal DNA Structure
The structure of DNA in the nucleosome core particle is studied using an
elastic model that incorporates anisotropy in the bending energetics and
twist-bend coupling. Using the experimentally determined structure of
nucleosomal DNA [T.J. Richmond and C.A. Davey, Nature {\bf 423}, 145 (2003)],
it is shown that elastic correlations exist between twist, roll, tilt, and
stretching of DNA, as well as the distance between phosphate groups. The
twist-bend coupling term is shown to be able to capture these correlations to a
large extent, and a fit to the experimental data yields a new estimate of G=25
nm for the value of the twist-bend coupling constant
Structural Properties of the Sliding Columnar Phase in Layered Liquid Crystalline Systems
Under appropriate conditions, mixtures of cationic and neutral lipids and DNA
in water condense into complexes in which DNA strands form local 2D smectic
lattices intercalated between lipid bilayer membranes in a lamellar stack.
These lamellar DNA-cationic-lipid complexes can in principle exhibit a variety
of equilibrium phases, including a columnar phase in which parallel DNA strands
from a 2D lattice, a nematic lamellar phase in which DNA strands align along a
common direction but exhibit no long-range positional order, and a possible new
intermediate phase, the sliding columnar (SC) phase, characterized by a
vanishing shear modulus for relative displacement of DNA lattices but a
nonvanishing modulus for compressing these lattices. We develop a model capable
of describing all phases and transitions among them and use it to calculate
structural properties of the sliding columnar phase. We calculate displacement
and density correlation functions and x-ray scattering intensities in this
phase and show, in particular, that density correlations within a layer have an
unusual dependence on separation r. We
investigate the stability of the SC phase with respect to shear couplings
leading to the columnar phase and dislocation unbinding leading to the lamellar
nematic phase. For models with interactions only between nearest neighbor
planes, we conclude that the SC phase is not thermodynamically stable.
Correlation functions in the nematic lamellar phase, however, exhibit SC
behavior over a range of length scalesComment: 28 pages, 4 figure
Geometrical families of mechanically stable granular packings
We enumerate and classify nearly all of the possible mechanically stable (MS)
packings of bidipserse mixtures of frictionless disks in small sheared systems.
We find that MS packings form continuous geometrical families, where each
family is defined by its particular network of particle contacts. We also
monitor the dynamics of MS packings along geometrical families by applying
quasistatic simple shear strain at zero pressure. For small numbers of
particles (N < 16), we find that the dynamics is deterministic and highly
contracting. That is, if the system is initialized in a MS packing at a given
shear strain, it will quickly lock into a periodic orbit at subsequent shear
strain, and therefore sample only a very small fraction of the possible MS
packings in steady state. In studies with N>16, we observe an increase in the
period and random splittings of the trajectories caused by bifurcations in
configuration space. We argue that the ratio of the splitting and contraction
rates in large systems will determine the distribution of MS-packing
geometrical families visited in steady-state. This work is part of our
long-term research program to develop a master-equation formalism to describe
macroscopic slowly driven granular systems in terms of collections of small
subsystems.Comment: 18 pages, 23 figures, 5 table
Measurements of the Yield Stress in Frictionless Granular Systems
We perform extensive molecular dynamics simulations of 2D frictionless
granular materials to determine whether these systems can be characterized by a
single static yield shear stress. We consider boundary-driven planar shear at
constant volume and either constant shear force or constant shear velocity.
Under steady flow conditions, these two ensembles give similar results for the
average shear stress versus shear velocity. However, near jamming it is
possible that the shear stress required to initiate shear flow can differ
substantially from the shear stress required to maintain flow. We perform
several measurements of the shear stress near the initiation and cessation of
flow. At fixed shear velocity, we measure the average shear stress
in the limit of zero shear velocity. At fixed shear force, we
measure the minimum shear stress required to maintain steady flow
at long times. We find that in finite-size systems ,
which implies that there is a jump discontinuity in the shear velocity from
zero to a finite value when these systems begin flowing at constant shear
force. However, our simulations show that the difference , and thus the discontinuity in the shear velocity, tend to zero in
the infinite system size limit. Thus, our results indicate that in the large
system limit, frictionless granular systems are characterized by a single
static yield shear stress. We also monitor the short-time response of these
systems to applied shear and show that the packing fraction of the system and
shape of the velocity profile can strongly influence whether or not the shear
stress at short times overshoots the long-time average value.Comment: 7 pages and 6 figure
Constraint optimization and landscapes
We describe an effective landscape introduced in [1] for the analysis of
Constraint Satisfaction problems, such as Sphere Packing, K-SAT and Graph
Coloring. This geometric construction reexpresses these problems in the more
familiar terms of optimization in rugged energy landscapes. In particular, it
allows one to understand the puzzling fact that unsophisticated programs are
successful well beyond what was considered to be the `hard' transition, and
suggests an algorithm defining a new, higher, easy-hard frontier.Comment: Contribution to STATPHYS2
Nonlinear Elasticity of the Sliding Columnar Phase
The sliding columnar phase is a new liquid-crystalline phase of matter
composed of two-dimensional smectic lattices stacked one on top of the other.
This phase is characterized by strong orientational but weak positional
correlations between lattices in neighboring layers and a vanishing shear
modulus for sliding lattices relative to each other. A simplified elasticity
theory of the phase only allows intralayer fluctuations of the columns and has
three important elastic constants: the compression, rotation, and bending
moduli, , , and . The rotationally invariant theory contains
anharmonic terms that lead to long wavelength renormalizations of the elastic
constants similar to the Grinstein-Pelcovits renormalization of the elastic
constants in smectic liquid crystals. We calculate these renormalizations at
the critical dimension and find that , where is a wavenumber. The behavior of
, , and in a model that includes fluctuations perpendicular to the
layers is identical to that of the simple model with rigid layers. We use
dimensional regularization rather than a hard-cutoff renormalization scheme
because ambiguities arise in the one-loop integrals with a finite cutoff.Comment: This file contains 18 pages of double column text in REVTEX format
and 6 postscript figure
Jamming in Systems Composed of Frictionless Ellipse-Shaped Particles
We study the structural and mechanical properties of jammed ellipse packings,
and find that the nature of the jamming transition in these systems is
fundamentally different from that for spherical particles. Ellipse packings are
generically hypostatic with more degrees of freedom than constraints. The
spectra of low energy excitations possess two gaps and three distinct branches
over a range of aspect ratios. In the zero compression limit, the energy of the
modes in the lowest branch increases {\it quartically} with deformation
amplitude, and the density of states possesses a -function at zero
frequency. We identify scaling relations that collapse the low-frequency part
of the spectra for different aspect ratios. Finally, we find that the degree of
hypostaticity is determined by the number of quartic modes of the packing.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
On the study of jamming percolation
We investigate kinetically constrained models of glassy transitions, and
determine which model characteristics are crucial in allowing a rigorous proof
that such models have discontinuous transitions with faster than power law
diverging length and time scales. The models we investigate have constraints
similar to that of the knights model, introduced by Toninelli, Biroli, and
Fisher (TBF), but differing neighbor relations. We find that such knights-like
models, otherwise known as models of jamming percolation, need a ``No Parallel
Crossing'' rule for the TBF proof of a glassy transition to be valid.
Furthermore, most knight-like models fail a ``No Perpendicular Crossing''
requirement, and thus need modification to be made rigorous. We also show how
the ``No Parallel Crossing'' requirement can be used to evaluate the provable
glassiness of other correlated percolation models, by looking at models with
more stable directions than the knights model. Finally, we show that the TBF
proof does not generalize in any straightforward fashion for three-dimensional
versions of the knights-like models.Comment: 13 pages, 18 figures; Spiral model does satisfy property
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