Characterization of lubricating grease formulated from waste engine oil

The generation and disposal of waste oil increase year by year are causing environmental problems as well as depletion of natural resources. One of the ways to tackle this problem is by converting waste oil into a product such as lubricating grease. This research aimed to formulate lubricating grease from waste engine oil (WEO) as no study done on producing grease by using a mixture of WEO from a different type. Oil treatment to remove contamination and characterisation (fluid properties, components level and component analysis) also carried out in order to make sure that WEO can be used as the grease base oil. The treatment process of WEO include sedimentation, filtration, and heating is able to remove the contaminants until allowable level and moisture, making it is suitable to be base oil in grease formulating. Analysis on formulatedsodium grease (SG) and fumed silica grease (FSG) (SG96, SG94, SG92, SG90, SG88, FG85, FG84, FG83, FG82, FG81 & FG80) showed that WEO content in grease is inversely proportional to grease consistency but directly proportional to oil bleeding and separation of the grease. SG96 and FG85 have the lowest consistency number which is NLGI 0 and SG88 and FG80 have the highest consistency number which is NLGI 4-5. The oil bleeding of the greases are within the limit except for FG84 in room temperature which is -16.48%. Oil separation test showed that all of the greases oil separation is within the limit except for FG85 which have 5.75%. the greases also showed a corrosion standard of class 1 when tested with copper strip. Based on a few requirement, SG94 and FSG83 are selected as a grease that fulfilled the required criteria and comparison with industrial grease showed that the selected grease properties is comparable to industrial grease properties. The selected grease with the addition of additives (Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and graphite) showed that grease properties do not change except for intended additives used characteristic. The changes can be seen only on Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of sodium grease when there a presence of peak in fingerprint region (<600 cm-1) of the grease. However, the presence of additives heavily influenced the tribological properties of the grease where sodium grease have a good anti-wear property compared to FS grease. Sodium grease without additives also showed a better antiwear properties compared to sodium grease with additives making the addition of additives in sodium grease to be irrelevance. This is different from FS grease where addition of additives showed that the anti-wear properties of the grease improved. However, the antiwear properties of both greases is still within the industrial standard. As a conclusion, the properties of greases produced from WEO is good and comparable to industrial standard, and addition of additives in grease formulation effect the tribological properties of the grease. It is recommended the collection of WEO is vary from different sources for future study

The effects of additives on anti-wear properties of lubricating grease formulated from waste engine oil

The goal of this study was to study the anti-wear properties of grease formulated from waste engine oil (WEO) when additives are added. There were two types of grease formulated namely sodium and fumed silica (FS) greases. The greases were formulated using a weight percentage ratio with and without the addition of additives before the attributes of consistency, FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), and anti-wear analysis were conducted. Results showed that the addition of additives did not affect the properties of the formulated grease except for that of sodium grease as demonstrated by the FTIR result. Sodium grease produced a spectrum with a peak in the region < 600 cm−1 when analyzed using FTIR. The corrosiveness of the grease toward the copper strip was also low, as determined by class 1 corrosiveness. The addition of additives resulted in no improvement in the anti-wear properties of the grease as the coefficient of friction (COF) was low for the grease without additives than for the grease with additives. However, the addition of additives can reduce the wear scar diameter of the greases. Based on the findings of this investigation, it was found that the addition of additives did not alter the properties of the greases or improve the anti-wear properties of the greases except for the wear scar diameter

Thermal stability study of grease formulated from industrial waste oil

This is aimed to investigate the effect of additives on thermal stability of grease formulated with waste transformer oil (WTO). One of the key factors of grease functionality is thermal stability. Grease is unsuitable for high-temperature use if the matrix is unable to withstand high temperature. Addition of additive is able to improve the grease thermal stability. In this work, three types of additives (molybdenum disulphide, fumed silica, and polytetrafluoroethylene) were tested as thermal stability additive. The grease was characterized using ASTM International standards and SKF’s Grease Test Kit. Based on grease characterization, the addition of additive was found slightly affecting the grease properties. Fumed silica was observed able to improve the grease thermal stability by 3.6%

Innovative Formulation and Characterisation of Grease Made from Waste Engine Oil

Lubricating grease is usually produced from mineral oil, making the relationship between grease and mineral oil unavoidable. Formulation of grease from waste oil can reduce the dependency of the grease industry on mineral oil as well as help to reduce the waste generation of used oil. This study aims to produce fumed silica (FS) grease from waste engine oil (WEO) and analyse the properties of the formulated grease. The method started with treating WEO to remove any contaminants in the used oil. After that, the greases are produced using a weight percentage ratio before being examined for consistency, oil separation, oil bleeding, FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis, and corrosiveness. In terms of uniformity, oil separation, and oil bleeding, WEO percentage content had a substantial impact on the findings. The FTIR demonstrated that synthetic greases had the same spectra when evaluated between 500 cm-1 and 4000 cm-1. The grease's corrosiveness is low, as determined by class 1 corrosiveness toward the copper strip. However, the grease properties differ when consistency, oil bleeding and oil separation test is done. Higher oil content in grease produced high oil bleeding and separation but low consistency. As a conclusion of the results, fumed silica grease with oil percentages of 83 and 82 have the most grease-like features, showing that the grease fits the traits' requirements. Based on the investigation's findings, it was established that WEO may be used as a base oil in grease formulation and that the grease's properties are satisfactory

Conversion of waste transformer oil into grease

This work is aimed to study the viability of waste transformer oil (WTO) as grease’s base oil. The shift of lubricant formulation towards high-performance materials and green formulation has led to the development of various lubricant formulations, including grease. Waste reduction is one of the formulation research trends where waste-based material, i.e. waste oil generated from automotive industries, is used as one of the grease constituents, and the grease’s characteristics and performances are evaluated and compared to the conventional grease. Variability of waste oil composition, a mixture of conventional and synthetic oil, has led to inconsistent grease properties and performances. This issue, however, is uncommon in power industry-generated waste oil and becomes a potential alternative to replace the waste oil from automotive industries, thus creating this opportunity. It was found that, after conducting WTO analysis, incorporating WTO in grease formulation and evaluating the WTO-based grease characteristic, the WTO is viable to be used as grease base oil

Identification of the chemical constituents of Curcuma caesia (Black Turmeric) Hydrosol extracted by hydro-distillation method

Curcuma caesia (black turmeric), a perennial herb that has a distinguishable bluish-black rhizome with a bitter and pungent smell and is widely used and extracted for its medicinal values. C. caesia extracted by hydro-distillation method produce essential oil and hydrosol. The essential oil of C. caesia is known for its high medicinal value, but the chemical constituent of the hydrosol is yet to be studied. Hence, this study will investigate the chemical constituent of the hydrosol of C. caesia’s rhizome extracted by hydro-distillation to comprehend the benefits and usages of the hydrosol produced for further research in pharmaceutical and natural products industries. Besides, hydro-distillation is carried out in different temperatures to study the effect of temperature on the active compounds in the hydrosol. Hydro-distillation of powdered rhizome is use to obtain the hydrosol of C. caesia at the temperature of 60°C, 80°C and 100°C before being separated by using a rotary evaporator. The sample is then analyze by using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). From FTIR analysis, the functional groups found in the hydrosol were OH, C=C and -NH groups. As the temperature increased, more components were decomposed. Hence, lesser functional groups were found in the hydrosol at 100°C as compared to 60°C. Chemical constituents of the hydrosol of C. caesia were identified by GC-MS analysis, with camphor (0.57%) as the only major component at 100°C. Comparing the chemical constituents of the hydrosol at 60°C and 80°C, the elevated temperature of hydro-distillation caused decomposition of the chemical constituents of the hydrosol due to changes of properties. The chemical constituents of the hydrosol of C. caesia were significantly different from the essential oil qualitatively and quantitatively, with the medicinal value of the hydrosol was uncertain due to the trace amount of camphor and other chemical constituents possessed in the hydrosol

Grease and its application on electrical equipment: a review

Grease hardening and dry-out have been part of the major challenges in grease usage in electrical industry. The findings obtained over the years related to the study of synthetic, specialty, and new grease have found that the usage of these greases are costly; hence, it is very necessary to find an alternative method to reduce the cost as much as possible. Increasing petroleum demands, depletion of petroleum reserves, and the environmental awareness have influenced a huge interest in the use of waste oil as the alternative of base oil for grease formulation. The waste oils are considered as a promising candidate due the fact that the re-refining process of base oil is relatively cheap with high yield and the recovery of good quality oil. Optimum grease formulation is necessary in solving the aforementioned issues as well as overcoming complication specifically in the electrical industry where these greases are mainly utilized

Identification of chemical compounds from agarwood hydrosol (Aquilaria malaccensis) fruits via LC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis

Gaharu hydrosol is being considered as a by-product produced during the hydrodistillation of resinous wood part of Aquilaria spp. Agarwood hydrosol was reported to possess many bioactive compounds that are beneficial for health. However, current studies on the chemical composition of agarwood hydrosol from the fruit part are still lacking. This research presents the untargeted chemical compound of agarwood hydrosol from Aquilaria malaccensis fruit (AF) via liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOFMS/MS) and comparison the active functional groups with industrial hydrosol grade using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Qualitative tandem LC-QTOF-MS/MS was utilised to identify compounds in the extracted sample. The data processing revealed the presence of 128 known compounds in the hydrosol from A. malaccensis fruit in negative ionization mode and only one chemical profile detected after switched to positive ionization mode. This result contains the retention times value of m/z [M - H-], [M + HCOO-], [M + H+] and similar database search hit identities of the 129 compounds detected during the LC-QTOFMS/MS analysis in Table A1 and A

Sodium grease formulation from waste engine oil

The present study was conducted to formulate sodium soap grease using waste engine oil (WEO). Greases were formulated by homogenizing sodium soap thickener in WEO for 2 hours at 150°C Different grease composition of oil-to-thickener ratio was designed which are 90/10, 80/20, 70/30 and 60/40. The formulated greases were analysed by conducting the consistency, oil bleeding, oil separation and FTIR characterization tests. The present study found that grease can be formulated using WEO and the thickener percentage have significant effect on formulated greases properties. Grease formulated with 70 – 80% of base oil and 20 – 30% of thickener was the best grease formulated as it shows desirable grease properties

Preparation of Grease using Organic Thickener

This paper aimed to study of the behaviour of organic thickener in the grease formulation. In this study different types of organic thickener (polypropylene, chitosan, cellulose) with different percentage has been tested in grease formulation. The percentage of base oil and thickener used were 65 to 75% of base oil and 25 to 35% of thickener. The formulation was done by dispersing the thickener in the base oil at temperature of 110°C for 3 hours. Several tests were conducted to evaluate the grease properties, including its consistency, oil bleeding, and oil separation. It was found that polypropylene-thickened grease shows most desirable properties with consistency of NLGI no. 1, > -15% of oil bleeding and < 4% of oil separation, compared to other organic thickener. It was shown that 70 – 75% of base oil with 25 to 30% of polypropylene thickener were the best formulation. However, all of the formulated greases were unable to withstand high temperature as it tends to fully liquefied