Effect of Environmental-Economic Imbalances at Sustainable Development of the Russian Federation

© 2015, Asian Social Science. All rights reserved. The article ecological-economic system is viewed through the prism of the equilibrium and non-equilibrium situation, we study the main factors determining the position of the non-equilibrium of the world economy and the national economy, the results of Russia's economic growth is adjusted with the use of the index of net savings. In addition, the article proves that one of the reasons for the negative phenomena in ecological-economic sphere is the imperfection used macroeconomic indicators such as GDP and GNP

Assessment of the Dynamics of Growth Factors and Russia

This paper studies the macroeconomic dynamics of modern Russia, the qualitative aspects of growth, as well as the positive factors of macroeconomic dynamics. The conclusion is the exhaustion of opportunities of the inertia model of growth and the need to shift to a new paradigm of economic development based on a new and radical modernization of the country's industrialization. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n18p36

Effect of Environmental-Economic Imbalances at Sustainable Development of the Russian Federation

The article ecological-economic system is viewed through the prism of the equilibrium and non-equilibrium situation, we study the main factors determining the position of the non-equilibrium of the world economy and the national economy, the results of Russia's economic growth is adjusted with the use of the index of net savings. In addition, the article proves that one of the reasons for the negative phenomena in ecological-economic sphere is the imperfection used macroeconomic indicators such as GDP and GNP. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n1s3p39

Rodent-specific alternative exons are more frequent in rapidly evolving genes and in paralogs

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Alternative splicing is an important mechanism for generating functional and evolutionary diversity of proteins in eukaryotes. Here, we studied the frequency and functionality of recently gained, rodent-specific alternative exons.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We projected the data about alternative splicing of mouse genes to the rat, human, and dog genomes, and identified exons conserved in the rat genome, but missing in more distant genomes. We estimated the frequency of rodent-specific exons while controlling for possible residual conservation of spurious exons. The frequency of rodent-specific exons is higher among predominantly skipped exons and exons disrupting the reading frame. Separation of all genes by the rate of sequence evolution and by gene families has demonstrated that rodent-specific cassette exons are more frequent in rapidly evolving genes and in rodent-specific paralogs.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Thus we demonstrated that recently gained exons tend to occur in fast-evolving genes, and their inclusion rate tends to be lower than that of older exons. This agrees with the theory that gain of alternative exons is one of the major mechanisms of gene evolution.</p

Fast rate of evolution in alternatively spliced coding regions of mammalian genes

BACKGROUND: At least half of mammalian genes are alternatively spliced. Alternative isoforms are often genome-specific and it has been suggested that alternative splicing is one of the major mechanisms for generating protein diversity in the course of evolution. Another way of looking at alternative splicing is to consider sequence evolution of constitutive and alternative regions of protein-coding genes. Indeed, it turns out that constitutive and alternative regions evolve in different ways. RESULTS: A set of 3029 orthologous pairs of human and mouse alternatively spliced genes was considered. The rate of nonsynonymous substitutions (d(N)), the rate of synonymous substitutions (d(S)), and their ratio (ω = d(N)/d(S)) appear to be significantly higher in alternatively spliced coding regions compared to constitutive regions. When N-terminal, internal and C-terminal alternatives are analysed separately, C-terminal alternatives appear to make the main contribution to the observed difference. The effects become even more pronounced in a subset of fast evolving genes. CONCLUSION: These results provide evidence of weaker purifying selection and/or stronger positive selection in alternative regions and thus one more confirmation of accelerated evolution in alternative regions. This study corroborates the theory that alternative splicing serves as a testing ground for molecular evolution

No statistical support for correlation between the positions of protein interaction sites and alternatively spliced regions

BACKGROUND: Alternative splicing is an efficient mechanism for increasing the variety of functions fulfilled by proteins in a living cell. It has been previously demonstrated that alternatively spliced regions often comprise functionally important and conserved sequence motifs. The objective of this work was to test the hypothesis that alternative splicing is correlated with contact regions of protein-protein interactions. RESULTS: Protein sequence spans involved in contacts with an interaction partner were delineated from atomic structures of transient interaction complexes and juxtaposed with the location of alternatively spliced regions detected by comparative genome analysis and spliced alignment. The total of 42 alternatively spliced isoforms were identified in 21 amino acid chains involved in biomolecular interactions. Using this limited dataset and a variety of sophisticated counting procedures we were not able to establish a statistically significant correlation between the positions of protein interaction sites and alternatively spliced regions. CONCLUSIONS: This finding contradicts a naïve hypothesis that alternatively spliced regions would correlate with points of contact. One possible explanation for that could be that all alternative splicing events change the spatial structure of the interacting domain to a sufficient degree to preclude interaction. This is indirectly supported by the observed lack of difference in the behaviour of relatively short regions affected by alternative splicing and cases when large portions of proteins are removed. More structural data on complexes of interacting proteins, including structures of alternative isoforms, are needed to test this conjecture

Alternative splicing and protein function

BACKGROUND: Alternative splicing is a major mechanism of generating protein diversity in higher eukaryotes. Although at least half, and probably more, of mammalian genes are alternatively spliced, it was not clear, whether the frequency of alternative splicing is the same in different functional categories. The problem is obscured by uneven coverage of genes by ESTs and a large number of artifacts in the EST data. RESULTS: We have developed a method that generates possible mRNA isoforms for human genes contained in the EDAS database, taking into account the effects of nonsense-mediated decay and translation initiation rules, and a procedure for offsetting the effects of uneven EST coverage. Then we computed the number of mRNA isoforms for genes from different functional categories. Genes encoding ribosomal proteins and genes in the category "Small GTPase-mediated signal transduction" tend to have fewer isoforms than the average, whereas the genes in the category "DNA replication and chromosome cycle" have more isoforms than the average. Genes encoding proteins involved in protein-protein interactions tend to be alternatively spliced more often than genes encoding non-interacting proteins, although there is no significant difference in the number of isoforms of alternatively spliced genes. CONCLUSION: Filtering for functional isoforms satisfying biological constraints and accountung for uneven EST coverage allowed us to describe differences in alternative splicing of genes from different functional categories. The observations seem to be consistent with expectations based on current biological knowledge: less isoforms for ribosomal and signal transduction proteins, and more alternative splicing of interacting and cell cycle proteins

Formation and development system of higher geographical education in pedagogical high schools of the middle volga Russia

© Medwell Journals, 2016.The study deals with the formation and development methodical system of higher geographical education in pedagogical high schools of the Middle Volga (Kazan, Samara, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Naberezhnye Chelny) in the 20th century. The role of scientists geographical departments and geographical faculty of the Kazan State University to assist in the educational and methodical, scientific-research work at the opening of geographical specialties and departments in pedagogical high schools in the region

Assessment of orthologous splicing isoforms in human and mouse orthologous genes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Recent discoveries have highlighted the fact that alternative splicing and alternative transcripts are the rule, rather than the exception, in metazoan genes. Since multiple transcript and protein variants expressed by the same gene are, by definition, structurally distinct and need not to be functionally equivalent, the concept of gene orthology should be extended to the transcript level in order to describe evolutionary relationships between structurally similar transcript variants. In other words, the identification of true orthology relationships between gene products now should progress beyond primary sequence and "splicing orthology", consisting in ancestrally shared exon-intron structures, is required to define orthologous isoforms at transcript level.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>As a starting step in this direction, in this work we performed a large scale human- mouse gene comparison with a twofold goal: first, to assess if and to which extent traditional gene annotations such as RefSeq capture genuine splicing orthology; second, to provide a more detailed annotation and quantification of true human-mouse orthologous transcripts defined as transcripts of orthologous genes exhibiting the same splicing patterns.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We observed an identical exon/intron structure for 32% of human and mouse orthologous genes. This figure increases to 87% using less stringent criteria for gene structure similarity, thus implying that for about 13% of the human RefSeq annotated genes (and about 25% of the corresponding transcripts) we could not identify any mouse transcript showing sufficient similarity to be confidently assigned as a splicing ortholog. Our data suggest that current gene and transcript data may still be rather incomplete - with several splicing variants still unknown. The observation that alternative splicing produces large numbers of alternative transcripts and proteins, some of them conserved across species and others truly species-specific, suggests that, still maintaining the conventional definition of gene orthology, a new concept of "splicing orthology" can be defined at transcript level.</p