Hubungan Kadar Pb dalam Darah dengan Kejadian Hipotiroidisme pada Wanita Usia Subur di Perkampungan Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Desa Pesarean Kabupaten Tegal

Background: Hypothyroidism on women at childbearing age (WCA) can cause reproduction disorder, i.e. infertility,spontaneous abortion, impaired growth and development of foetus, placental abruption, and preterm delivery.Exposure tolead(Pb) at low lever contunuely for a long time willresult thyroid dysfunction. This research aimedtoprove that lead exposure is a risk factor for thyroid dysfunction among WCA in metal industrial of Pesarean inTegal districtMethods: Cross-sectional studyused32subjectsresearchatmetal industrial PesareanDistrictof Tegal. Pblevelsinthe bloodwas used asbiomakerofPbexposure. Thyroid dysfunction was determined based on the result ofTSH(Thyroid Stimulating Hormone). Confounding variables were also measured. These variables were age,length of stay, participation in hormonal contraception, iodine intake, pesticide exposure, exposure to cigarettesmoke, and employment history. Data would be analyzed using chi-square test at 0,05 level of significancy.Result: The prevalence of hypothyroidism among WCA was 25 %. Lead exposure was a risk factor for hypothyroidism(95 % CI, PR= 11,667(1,628- 83,597); and p-value = 0,002. The higher the degree of exposure, the greater therisk of having thyroid dysfunction. Based on data and the theory analysis, the pathogenesis of hypothyroidismwas suspected through the disruption of TPO function, D1 enzyme inhibition and D3 enzyme activation.Conclusion: Lead exposure was a risk factor for thyroid dysfunction among WCA in metal industrial township

Studi Beban Pencemaran Logam Berat Kadmium (Cd) pada Ballast Water Kapal Barang dan Kapal Penumpang di Pelabuhan Tanjung Emas Semarang

Ballast water exchange is one of the operations of the ship. The more number of vessels that lean to make the amount of ballast water that is dumped in the waters of the port of Tanjung Emas the more higher. Ballast water pollution due to the cargo and passenger ships at the Port of Tanjung Emas cause pollution load which impact indirectly on the quality of water.The purpose of this study was to determine the burden of the heavy metal cadmium pollution of water ballast cargo and passenger ships in the Port of Tanjung Emas in Semarang.This type of research is descriptive survey with cross sectional approach. The variables in this research include the number of vessels, the type of ship, age of ship, cadmium levels ship ballast water, sewage discharge ballast water of ships and ship ballast water pollutant load. Population and sample in this research were 30 cargo and passenger ships with criteria that ship rely at the port of Tanjung Emas in Semarang and have a ballast water tank. The results showed cadmium levels of 30 samples ship ballast water (100%) is above the threshold value with the highest level of 2,457 mg/l and the lowest level of 1,076 mg/l. Waste discharge ballast water ships at the Port of Tanjung Emas highest level of 350 m3/hour and the lowest level of 1.00 m3/hour. The results of pollutant load calculations ship ballast water of 30 samples cargo and passenger ships at the Port of Tanjung Emas shows that the highest pollutant load of 0,782 kg/day and most lower pollutant load 0,002 kg/day. The conclusion of this study is the pollutant load of cadmium from the cargo and passenger ships at the Port of Tanjung Emas has a varies value depending on the type of ship and vessel age

Hubungan Faktor Lingkungan dan Perilaku Keluarga dalam Pencegahan dengan Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kedungmundu Kecamatan Tembalang Kota Semarang

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious disease that is caused by dengue virus and is transmitted by Aedes aegypty that can cause death especially in children. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) still becomes health problem, in 2013 Incidence Rate in sub-district Tembalang reached 218.20 per 100,000 people. Kedungmundu health center is one of the endemic areas with Incidence Rate 259.39 per 100,000 people. The spread of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) disease is influenced by low rate of Larva-Free Index (LFI) as a result it can increase cases of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). The purpose of this research is to know the relation of environmental factors and family behavior in preventing incident of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in the Working area of Kedungmundu Health Center Temabalang sub-district Semarang. This Research was observational with design case-control. Samples (case) were all dengue fever patients that were recorded in the A Health Center Kedungmundu at the end of 2013, and samples (control) were people who were around dengue fever patients who do not suffer from Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) at the end of 2013. Based onfromCountainerIndex (CI) thatcase group30.0% greater than thecontrol group is21.7% andin term of LFIhas notreachedmore than95% in the cases group with value of50.0%andthe control groupwith value of60.5%. While familybehavior in preventionhas not been optimalizedtothe EMB(Eradication of Mosquito Breeding) based on larvaldensityHIandCI¥ 5% and¥20% of BIvaluehas not been reached. So thereis still ariskof transmissionof dengue diseasein working area of Kedungmundu health center. Analysis of data using tests chi-square with equal significance p-value<0.05. Results of the study showed that there was no relation between environmental factorsandbehavior of the family

Hubungan Paparan Timbal dalam Darah dengan Kejadian Hipertensi pada Pekerja Industri Pengecoran Logam di Ceper Klaten Tahun 2015

Background: The problem of heavy metal pollution is a serious problem in Indonesia. This metal has been known to be stored in the body for long periods of time as toxins accumulate. Preliminary test results BLL on workers in the metal casting Ceper, found as many as 16 (5.61%) BLL on workers is under (NAB) and 17 (5.28%) workers above (NAB). The research was conducted to determine the relationship between the exposure of lead (Pb) in blood with hypertension in foundry workers CV. Fortification Jaya Batur, Ceper, Klaten. Methods: It was an observational study with Cross Secional design. The population in this study were all workers CV. Jaya fortification. Samples are workers CV. Fortification Jaya who met the inclusion criteria. Gathering data using questionnaires tools, inspection PB in the air using Gravimetry, Pb in the blood examination using AAS (automatic Absorption Spectrophotometer) and hypertension examination tension meter is measured using a needle. Results: The average air Pb 0.13756 mg / dl, the average BLL was 14.38096μg/dl. Chi Square test results showed that there was no relationship between the type of work with hypertension (p = 0.625), There is a relationship between levels of air Pb Pb levels in blood (p = 0.019), There is a relationship between levelsof lead in blood with hypertension(p=0.042).Conclusions:Levels of Air Pb Pb levels in the blood affects that can cause hypertension

Analisis Penerapan Metode Kaporitisasi Sederhana terhadap Kualitas Bakteriologis Air PMA.

Background: Water bacteriological quality is a parameter required for fresh water. The bacteriological content is high because of the contamination from surrounding or activity of people near the area. From fact in the field, most of water bacteriological quality in Indonesia is still worse. In Flores land area, especially in Boawae the water from PMA are not treated by a good tretment water. Result of water quality monitoring program in Boawae, indicating that the MPN Coli Content is 210 Col/100 ml sample. One of the alternatives is to improve bacteriological quality is by using chlorination process of the PMA water. The aim of the study was to analyze the difference between physicchemist parameter and bacteriological parameter in PMA water after chlorinated by using three methods (Single Tube an Layered Tube and Molasses Tube). Methods: The research was experimental research with one group and after intervention design. Number of sample is 270: 30 samples of PMA water control, 120 samples before treatment and 120 samples after the treatment. The physicochemist sample and bacteriological sample has examinate according to examination procedure in laboratory. Data was analyzed by using method of univariate, bivariate and multivariate as Kruskal Wallis test and Cochran test. Results: The result of the research showed that from the treatment of a single tube, layered tube and molasses tube was found that there were differences among parameters of pH, TDS, Chlor, Fe, Mn, NO2 , NO3 , CaCO3 , Coliform total, E.Coli with a 5% p=0,0001. Conclusion : It is concluded that based on parameter of Chlor, Coliform total and E.Coli, the better and suitable devices of water treatment is Layered Tub

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Filariasis di Kecamatan Buaran Kabupaten Pekalongan

Title: Factors Related toThe Incidence of Lymphatic Fillariasis in Buaran, Pekalongan DistrictBackground: Filariasis or elephansiasis is one of infectious disease, is a systemic infection caused by filarial worms that live in the lymph nodes (lymph) and human blood that transmitted by mosquitoes (vector-borne disease). The survey result endemicity of filariasis in 2007 found that the highest area was in Buaran District with the number of microfilariae (mf) rate of 3.9% and according to the data Filariasis Research 2015, the result of Finger-prick Blood in Subdistrict Buaran discovery of microfilariae are 37 people. Based on this fact the purpose of this research is to describe environmental condition and behaviour society as a risk factor for the incidence of filariasis in Subdistrict Buaran Pekalongan regency.Method: This study was observational study with case control design. The subjects consisted of two groups of case and control, with each sample of 74 people. The independent variables studied were the vectors inside and outside the home existing, marshes existing, rice fields existing, trenches existing, ditches, puddles, aquatic plants existing, bushes existing, cattle existing, wire netting on the ventilation esiting, the habit of using nets, habits of hanging clothes have been used, the habit of using anti-mosquito drugs, the habit outdoors at night, knowledge and health efforts. While the dependent variable was the incidence of filariasis. Data was collected through interviews, observation, and measurement. Data would be analyzed using univariate, bivariate chi-square, and multivariate logistic regression at level of significance 0.05 (5%).Result: Bivariate analyze of 17 variables are the vectors inside and outside the home existing, marshes existing, rice fields existing, trenches existing, ditches, puddles, aquatic plants existing, bushes existing, cattle existing, wire netting on the ventilation esiting, the habit of using nets, habits of hanging clothes have been used, the habit of using anti-mosquito drugs, the habit outdoors at night, knowledge and health efforts, indicated that there were three variables that have a correlation to incidence of filariasis. They were staying or being around filariasis sufferers, density residential, and medication adherence. Results of multivariate analysis that density residential is the most dominant factor related to the incidence of filariasis with p-value = 0.044; OR = 6,145 (1,051 - 35,938). Conclusion: This study concluded that environment factors need to be improved, especially for staying or being around filariasis sufferers, density residential, and medication adherence to reduce fillariasis incident

Analisis Karakteristik Lingkungan pada Kejadian Leptospirosis di Kabupaten Demak Jawa Tengah Tahun 2009

Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis disease caused by Leptospira bacteria and transmitted to human by contact with contaminated animal urin or contaminated environment. Leptospirosis cases in Demak district increased for 4 year later. Until April 15th 2008, there were 62 leptospirosis cases with CFR=9,67%. The aim of this research was to determine environmental characteristic related to leptospirosis incidence in Demak district. Method: It was an observational research using a case control design with 44 cases and 44 controls. Cases were leptospirosis diagnosed by leptotek dri dot in Demak Health District Agency. Controls were neighbour of leptospirosis cases who didn't have clinically symptom of leptospirosis, with age and sex appropiate to inclusion criteria. Laboratory diagnosis with leptotek dri dot had done for controls who agreed to sign inform consent. Data were analyzed using chi square test at α=5%. Variable with p value<0,25 would be continued with multivariat test using Regressi Logistic - Backward Likehood Ratio method. Result: The result of this research showed that there were 10 controls with no clinical diagnosis but positive at leptotek dri dot diagnosis. At statistical analysis 10 cases and 10 controls dropped. Univariat analysis showed controls and cases have environmental risk factor and knowledge, attitude, practice about leptospirosis similarly. Bivariat analysis showed there was no relationship between environmental characteristic and knowledge, attitude, practice with leptospirosis. Test of water sample had been done at 8 location. One of them of creek showed positif contain Leptospira sp. Rat trapped had been done at four location, showed trap succes about 8,7%-29,8%. Eventhough environment factor and knowledge, attitude, practice showed there were no but water from ditch that positif Leptospira sp, significant association and highly succes at rat trapped were concidered to be the risk of leptospirosis transmission

Analisis Faktor Risiko Kejadian Pneumonia pada Balita di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sidorejo Kota Pagar Alam

Background : Pneumonia is an infectious disease that remains a public health problem in Indonesia, the third cause of death in Indonesia after cardiovascular and tuberculosis. The high incidence of pneumonia mainly attacks in the age group of infants and children under five years old. In Pagar Alam city in 2009, there were 671 cases (IR = 4.9%). The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between the house physical environment factor and individual faktor of children with pneumonia incidence in working area of Public Health Center, Sidorejo, Pagar Alam city. Method: This research was an observational study using case control design. While variables studied among other things are nutritional status, immunization status, history of breastfeeding, type of house flooring, proportion of bedroom ventilation, occupancy density, the presence of smoking family members, type of fuel used for cooking, the presence of family members suffering from respiratory tract infections. Subject of the research consists of two groups, namely case group and control group, each of which is consisting of 54 subjects. Data was collected by interview, observation, and measurement. Data analysis used analysis of univariate, bivariate with chi square, and multivariate with logistic regression, using a significant level of 0.05 (5%) to determine the risk of the independent variables on the dependent variables and the estimation of the risk (odds ratio) of the cause of pneumonia incidence on children under five years old. Result : The results of this research show that of the 9 risk factors studied, there are 3 variables with the risk of the incidence of pneumonia on children under five years old, namely a history of breastfeeding (OR = 8.958, 95% CI : 2.843 - 28.232), type of house floor (OR = 10.528, 95% CI : 2.612 - 42.441) and the presence of smoking family members (OR 8.888, 95% CI : 1.738 - 45.437). The variable at greatest risk of pneumonia incidence on children under five years old is type of house flooring. In conclusion, this research indicates that nutrition status, immunization status, breastfeeding history, type of house flooring, size of room ventilation, occupancy density, type of fuel used for cooking, and the presence of smoking family members are closely related to the incidence of pneumonia. Key words: pneumonia, children under five years old, physical environment of housing, Pagar Alam cit

Faktor-Faktor Risiko Kenaikan Tekanan Darah pada Pekerja yang Terpajan Kebisingan di Bandara Ahmad Yani Semarang

Background : Ahmad Yani Airport Semarang has a noise intensity level over the limit value of 85 dB(A). The Workers work continuously 8 hour a day. They may be exposed to aircraft noise over limit value that can make the blood pressure increases . The Objective of this research was to determine the factors related to the increasing of the blood pressure on workers in Ahmad Yani Airport. Method : This was an observational research using cross sectional design. Population was the workers of Ahmad Yani Airport, consist of security unit, cargo unit and PKP-PK unit (Aircraft Rescue & Fire Fighting). Number of respondent was 60 workers. Data were analyzed using Chi-Square test and multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Result : This research found that (1) 33 peoples (55%) had systolic increased and 36 peoples (60%) had diastolic increased; (2) 45 peoples (75%) had noise exposed over 85 dB(A); (3) 22 peoples (36.7%) have been working over 10 years; (4) 18 peoples (30%) work over 8 hours/day; (5) 54 peoples (90%) are smoker; (6) 52 peoples (86.7%) did not wear ear protector equipment. Conclusions: (1). There are significant relationship between noise intensity, working duration, working hours and systolic blood pressure; (2). There are significant relationship between noise intensity, working duration and diastolic blood pressure; (3). There are significant relationship between noise intensity and working duration simultaneously and systolic blood pressure. Workers who has been working over 10 years and has noise exposere over 85 dB(A) has probability 68.7% for systolic pressure increasing. Worker who has noise exposed over 85 dB(A) has probability 53.7% for diastolic pressure increasing