Mechanisms of Gastroprotective Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Jasminum sambac against HCl/Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury in Rats

Jasminum sambac is used in folk medicine as the treatment of many diseases. The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the gastroprotective effects of ethanolic extracts of J. sambac leaves against acidified ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Seven groups of rats were orally pre-treated with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as normal group, CMC as ulcer group, 20 mg/kg of omeprazole as positive group, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg of extract as the experimental groups, respectively. An hour later, CMC was given orally to normal group and acidified ethanol solution was given orally to the ulcer control, positive control, and the experimental groups. The rats were sacrificed after an hour later. Acidity of gastric content, the gastric wall mucus, ulcer areas, and histology and immunohistochemistry of the gastric wall were assessed. Gastric homogenates were determined for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), superoxide dismutase (SOD), andmalondialdehyde (MDA) content. Ulcer group exhibited significantly severe mucosal injury as compared with omeprazole or extract which shows significant protection towards gastric mucosal injury the plant promotes ulcer protection as it shows significant reduction of ulcer area grossly, and histology showed marked reduction of edema and leucocytes infiltration of submucosal layer compared with ulcer group. Immunohistochemistry showed overexpression of Hsp70 protein and downexpression of Bax protein in rats pretreated with extract. Significant increased in the pH, mucus of gastric content and high levels of PGE2, SOD and reduced amount of MDA was observed

KONSELING INDIVIDU UNTUK MENINGKATKAN SELF ESTEEM PADA PENDERITA LABIOSCHISIS (BIBIR SUMBING) DI SMK DATUK PANGLIMA ABDULLAH SEMPORNA, MALAYSIA

Psychological problems that are often faced by individuals who experience congenital disorders are low self-esteem, this is because the physical deficiencies experienced will result in difficulties in adjusting to the environment which actually affects cognitive development in looking at their lives in the future. The congenital disorder described in this study is Labioschisis or better known as cleft lip, which is sufferers experience generally abnormal lip shape. Therefore, students need to increase self-esteem to achieve better welfare, better social relationships and tend to be happy in running life. One effort to increase self-esteem is by individual counseling. The purpose of this study was to know, describe and analyze the stages of individual counseling in increasing self-esteem in patients with Labioschisis (Cleft Lip) at SMK Datuk Panglima Abdullah Semporna, Malaysia. This type of research is descriptive qualitative by using data collection methods in the form of observation, interviews and documentation. Purposive sampling techniques are used to determine the subject. The subjects in this study were selected as many as two people, namely counseling teachers and one student with Labioschisis. The results of this study are individual counseling stages to build self-esteem in Labioschisis sufferers at SMK Datuk Panglima Abdullah Semporna. There are three things that are done, namely: the initial stage which includes building relationships with the counsel, making interpretations and reviews, negotiating contracts, affirming and defining problems and exploring problems. The second phase includes drawing up an intervention program and implementing counseling interventions. The last stage is the final stage which includes counseling can make decisions, transfer of learning and completion of counseling session