Discrimination and nitric oxide inhibitory activity correlation of ajwa dates from different grades and origin

This study was aimed at examining the variations in the metabolite constituents of the different Ajwa grades and farm origins. It is also targeted at establishing the correlations between the metabolite contents and the grades and further to the nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity. Identification of the metabolites was generated using ¹H-NMR spectroscopy metabolomics analyses utilizing multivariate methods. The NO inhibitory activity was determined using a Griess assay. Multivariate data analysis, for both supervised and unsupervised approaches, showed clusters among different grades of Ajwa dates obtained from different farms. The compounds that contribute towards the observed separation between Ajwa samples were suggested to be phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and phenylalanine. Ajwa dates were shown to have different metabolite compositions and exhibited a wide range of NO inhibitory activity. It is also revealed that Ajwa Grade 1 from the al-Aliah farm exhibited more than 90% NO inhibitory activity compared to the other grades and origins. Phenolic compounds were among the compounds that played a role towards the greater capacity of NO inhibitory activity shown by Ajwa Grade 1 from the al-Aliah farm

Metabolite characterization of different palm date varieties and the correlation with their NO inhibitory activity, texture and sweetness

The aim of this study was to examine the variation in metabolite constituents of five commercial varieties of date fruits; Ajwa, Safawi and Ambar which originated from Madinah, the Iranian Bam and Tunisian Deglet Noor. The differences of metabolome were inves-tigated using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis (MVDA). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed clear separation between the date varieties. The Tunisian Deglet Noor demonstrated distinct cluster from the rest of the palm date samples based on the metabolite composition as shown by the pattern observed in Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) and PCA. Deglet Noor exhibited a significant higher level of sucrose (d5.40) and fructose (d4.16) in comparison with the other four varieties which can be associated with the distinctive sweet taste of this variety.Dates originated from Madinah and Tunisia exhibited a contrast manner in the amount of xylose and moisture content. These two aspects may contribute towards the soft texture of Tunisian dates. All Madinah dates were found to contain phenolic compounds which were well established as great antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Ajwa dates exerted greater effect in inhibiting the generation of nitric oxide (NO) from the stimulated RAW264.7 cells at 95.37% inhibition. Succinic acid was suggested to have the most significant correlation with the trend of NO inhibitory shown by the selected date palm varieties

Physicochemical characteristics, nutritional composition, and phytochemical profiles of nine Algerian date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties

Nine varieties of Algerian date palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) including Lahmira, Timjouhert, Adham Talmine, Deglet Talmine, Adam Boullah, Tinasser, Deglet, Deglet Nour, and Takerbouch were distinguished via Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H‐NMR) metabolomics approach. The quality was evaluated based on the metabolite composition, proximate analysis, physicochemical characteristics, and biological activities which include nitric oxide (NO) inhibition via the cell‐based approach and NO scavenging abilities. A total of 49 metabolites were tentatively characterized including amino acids, organic acids, and phenolic compounds. The Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis revealed a consistent grouping of Deglet, Takerbouch, and Deglet Noor from the rest of six varieties. Among the metabolites that contributed toward the observed segregation were serine, glycine, glucose, fructose, and sucrose. With regard to metabolite composition, NO scavenging activities, total soluble solids, and proximate analysis, Deglet dates displayed a better quality as compared to the other Algerian dates

NMR metabolomics for evaluating passage number and harvesting effects on mammalian cell metabolome

The variation in the extracellular metabolites of RAW 264.7 cells obtained from different passage numbers (passage 9, 12 and 14) was examined. The impact of different harvesting protocols (trypsinization and scraping) on recovery of intracellular metabolites was then assessed. The similarity and variation in the cell metabolome was investigated using 1H NMR metabolic profiling modeled using multivariate data analysis. The characterization and quantification of metabolites was performed to determine the passage-related and harvesting-dependent effects on impacted metabolic networks. The trypsinized RAW cells from lower passages gave higher intensities of most identified metabolites, including asparagine, serine and tryptophan. Principal component analysis revealed variation between cells from different passages and harvesting methods, as indicated by the formation of clusters in score plot. Analysis of S-plots revealed metabolites that acted as biomarkers in discriminating cells from different passages including acetate, serine, lactate and choline. Meanwhile lactate, glutamine and pyruvate served as biomarkers for differentiating trypsinized and scraped cells. In passage-dependent effects, glycolysis and TCA cycle were influential, whereas glycerophospholipid metabolism was affected by the harvesting method. Overall, it is proposed that typsinized RAW cells from lower passage numbers are more appropriate when conducting experiments related to NMR metabolomics

Characterization of metabolites in different kiwifruit varieties by NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy

It is known from our previous studies that kiwifruits, which are used in common human diet, have preventive properties of coronary artery disease. This study describes a combination of 1H NMR spectroscopy, multivariate data analyses and fluorescence measurements in differentiating of some kiwifruit varieties, their quenching and antioxidant properties. A total of 41 metabolites were identified by comparing with literature data Chenomx database and 2D NMR. The binding properties of the extracted polyphenols against HSA showed higher reactivity of studied two cultivars in comparison with the common Hayward. The results showed that the fluorescence of HSA was quenched by Bidan as much as twice than by other fruits. The correlation between the binding properties of polyphenols in the investigated fruits, their relative quantification and suggested metabolic pathway was established. These results can provide possible application of fruit extracts in pharmaceutical industry

Identification of metabolic signatures associated with anti-inflammatory effects of Pheonix dactylifera L. using NMR and MS-based metabolomics

Phoenix dactylifera L. (date palm) is an essential agricultural crop in most arid regions of the world and have been used in traditional medicine to treat illnesses. The extracts of P. dactylifera pulps and seeds are reported to possess valuable pharmacological attributes including antioxidant, anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory activity. However, there is still a lack of scientific data to support the potency of P. dactylifera in treating inflammation. Thus, the primary purpose of this study is to fill in the current research gap concerning the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of this fruit crops. There are many date varieties available in the market with various phenotypic features, consumers’ preferences and price ranges. Eighteen varieties of dates from two date producing countries were selected including Algerian Lahmira (LM), Timjouhert (TM), Adham Talmine (AT), Deglet Talmine (DT), Adam Boullah (AB), Tinasser (TN), Deglet (DG), Deglet Nour (DN) and Takerbouch (TB) along with Saudi varieties of Berni (BR), Halaoua (HL), Shalabi (SB), Sogaai (SG), Sukkari (SK), Nebtat Ali (NB), Anbara (AN), Ajwa (AJ) and Medjoul (MJ). The quality was evaluated based on the metabolite composition, physico-chemical characteristics and biological activities which include nitric oxide (NO) inhibition via the cell-based approach and NO scavenging abilities. The correlation between the phytochemicals and biological activities was achieved via ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) based metabolomics approach. Algerian Deglet and Saudi Ajwa showed the most promising NO inhibition as compared to the rest of date varieties. The current study was then focusing on the variation in phytochemicals and biological activities between the seeds and pulps of P. dactylifera. The information on chemical constituents was further strengthen utilizing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) technique. The multi-platforms metabolomics of MS and NMR methods were adopted in exploring differences between the phytochemical in seed and pulp extracts. The seed of Algerian Deglet revealed a significantly lower IC50 values of NO inhibitory and DPPH scavenging with the IC50 values of 107.99 µg/mL and 12.58 µg/mL, respectively. Among the metabolites that prominently contributed towards the observed bioactivities as suggested by Partial Least Squares analysis including catechin, ascorbic acid and serine. The proposed metabolic pathway indicated the higher amount of several metabolites in date seeds as compared to the pulps. The variation between the extracellular metabolites of RAW 264.7 cells from different passage numbers was determined along with the impact of different harvesting protocols on the intracellular metabolites. The trypsinized RAW cells from lower passage groups gave higher intensities of several metabolites including asparagine, serine and tryptophan. The Principal Component Analysis revealed variation between cells from different passage and harvesting methods as indicated by the formation of clusters in the score plot. The current study is the first to report on the passage and harvesting dependent effects using metabolomics workflow for the murine macrophage, RAW 264.7 cells. The overall bio-markers from the cell metabolome of the induced and treated cells and also bio-active compounds in date extracts linking to the anti-inflammatory property was obtained in the present study. The acquired data adds up to the existing knowledge on anti-inflammatory effects of date seed extracts by highlighting their capacity to assist the inversion of activated RAW 264.7 cells back to the normal state. This work demonstrated the potential application of metabolomics approaches as tools in evaluating quality of plant materials and also in providing better insight into cells biology

Metabolite profiling, antioxidant, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of germinated rice: nuclear-magnetic-resonance-based metabolomics study

In an attempt to profile the metabolites of three different varieties of germinated rice, specifically black (GBR), red, and white rice, a 1H-nuclear-magnetic-resonance-based metabolomics approach was conducted. Multivariate data analysis was applied to discriminate between the three different varieties using a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model. The PLS model was used to evaluate the relationship between chemicals and biological activities of germinated rice. The PLS-DA score plot exhibited a noticeable separation between the three rice varieties into three clusters by PC1 and PC2. The PLS model indicated that α-linolenic acid, γ-oryzanol, α-tocopherol, γ-aminobutyric acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, fumaric acid, fatty acids, threonine, tryptophan, and vanillic acid were significantly correlated with the higher bioactivities demonstrated by GBR that was extracted in 100% ethanol. Subsequently, the proposed biosynthetic pathway analysis revealed that the increased quantities of secondary metabolites found in GBR may contribute to its nutritional value and health benefits

NMR-based metabolomics for elucidating the bioactive compounds from Mangifera caesia Jack and Ficus auriculata lour

Mangifera caesia and Ficus auriculata are neglected fruits found in Malaysia and are locally known as “buah binjai” and “buah ara”, respectively. To profile the metabolites for both fruits, we conducted a robust 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics approach. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square (PLS) analyses were applied to distinguish the metabolites variations of M. caesia and F. auriculata fruits extracted with different ethanol ratios (0, 70, and 100%). In total, 34 metabolites were identified in M. caesia and F. auriculata fruits. The 70% ethanol extracts of both fruits displayed the highest antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, as well as notable with the highest phenolic content, compared with the other samples. The present metabolomics study shows that the polarities of solvent extractions play a crucial role in the assessment and recovery of the metabolites for the high value of natural antioxidants and α-glucosidase inhibitors in M. caesia and F. auriculata fruits

Potentially bioactive metabolites from pineapple waste extracts and their antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities by 1H NMR

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) waste is a promising source of metabolites for therapeutics, functional foods, and cosmeceutical applications. This study strives to characterize the complete metabolite profiles of a variety of MD2 pineapple waste extracts. Metabolomics strategies were utilized to identify bioactive metabolites of this variety prepared with different solvent ratios. Each pineapple waste extract was first screened for total phenolic content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The highest TPC was found in all samples of the peel, crown, and core extracted using a 50% ethanol ratio, even though the results were fairly significant than those obtained for other ethanol ratios. Additionally, crown extracted with a 100% ethanol ratio demonstrated the highest potency in DPPH and NO scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 296.31 and 338.52 µg/mL, respectively. Peel extracted with 100% ethanol exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 92.95 µg/mL. Then, the extracts were analyzed and the data from 1H NMR were processed using multivariate data analysis. A partial least squares and correlogram plot suggested that 3-methylglutaric acid, threonine, valine, and α-linolenic acid were the main contributors to the antioxidant activities, whereas epicatechin was responsible for the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Relative quantification further supported that 100% crown extract was among the extracts that possessed the most abundant potential metabolites. The present study demonstrated that the crown and peel parts of MD2 pineapple extracted with 100% ethanol are potentially natural sources of antioxidants and α-glucosidase inhibitors, respectively

Quality evaluation of the physical properties, phytochemicals, biological activities and proximate analysis of nine Saudi date palm fruit varieties

The date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera) is one of the earliest crops to be cultivated in the Middle East. Many varieties of dates are available and being marketed at various price ranges. However, there is no standardized approach available to verify the quality of Saudi date palm fruits. The current study aimed to assess the variations in the quality of different varieties of Saudi dates on the basis of the metabolite composition, proximate analysis, physical characteristics and biological activities. Nine date palm varieties Berni, Halaoua, Shalabi, Sogaai, Sukkari, Nebtat Ali, Anbara, Ajwa and Medjoul were evaluated via the Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) based metabolomics approach. The DPPH and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging abilities, NO inhibition via the cell-based approach and total phenolic content (TPC) were determined. The physical features including dimension, seed/weight ratios and color variation also were evaluated. The proximate composition was carried out using the protocol ascribed by AOAC method. Metabolomics approach was successfully being applied in discriminating date palm varieties. Un-targeted metabolite profiling was achieved based on the acquired NMR data. Different trend of biological activities were displayed. The Ajwa dates which was the smallest, shortest in length and darkest colored Saudi date palm fruit demonstrated the highest percentage of NO inhibition/scavenging. Based on the variation in physical features, biological activities, metabolites content and proximate analysis, no noticeable correlation were observed between the market price and Saudi date palm variety qualities