Grußformeln als Medium der Polemik in Augustins Briefen

Abstract: The analysis of salutations is often disregarded because they are said to be later additions of copyists or at least conventional phrases without any content. But the correspondence of Augustine suggests that the bishop himself composed the recorded salutations and that he even added a subtext in many cases. The survey sheds light on elements, development, and different functions of salutations in order to show that, at least in Augustine’s correspondence, an analysis of the salutations is a valuable resource to describe not only the social differences between sender and recipient, but also the atmosphere, the reason for writing, and the correspondents’ relationship to each other.</jats:p

Morphology and molecular physiology of zygosaccharomyces spoilage yeasts

Spoilage is a major problem for the food industry ultimately resulting in economic loss. Among the most prominent spoilage yeasts are members belonging to the Zygosaccharomyces genus. This research focuses on differences in organic acid resistance and the physiological basis of these differences between Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Zygosaccharomyces kombuchaensis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Z. bailii , Z kombuchaensis and S. cerevisiae differ in resistance to short, medium and longer chain organic acids. Organic acid resistance was shown to be effected by alterations to growth conditions. S. cerevisiae was the most sensitive to organic acids followed by Z. kombuchaensis. Z. bailii was overall the most resistant to organic acids. Organic acid inhibition was shown to increase with increasing chain length. Electron microscopy was used to determine the effects of organic acids on yeast cell structure. Evidence is presented for short, medium and longer chain organic acids differing in their mode of inhibition. The cell wall was highlighted as differing between Z. bailii, Z. kombuchaensis and S. cerevisiae and as having a role in yeast organic acid resistance. Protoplast fusion was successfully applied to Z. bailii and Z. kombuchaensis with S. cerevisiae to study the role of mitochondria in yeast organic acid resistance. Differences in sensitivity to ethidium bromide and petite forming capabilities were demonstrated. Hybrids were characterized in terms of morphology, physiology and organic acid resistance. The ability of Z. bailii, Z. kombuchaensis and S. cerevisiae to form pseudohyphae in the presence of isoamyl alcohol was assessed. Isoamyl alcohol was shown to induce an osmotic stress with a role for the high osmolality glycerol pathway being demonstrated. Z. bailii was shown to contain a subgroup based on differences in organic acid resistance, morphology, physiology and molecular composition. This is the first time that a subgroup with increased sensitivity to organic acids has been reported for Z. bailii

Treating older children with clubfoot: results of a cross-sectional survey of expert practitioners

Treating clubfoot in walking-age children is debated, despite studies showing that using the Ponseti casting principles can correct the midfoot effectively. We aimed to explore techniques and approaches for the management of older children with clubfoot and identify consensus areas. A mixed-methods cross-sectional electronic survey on delayed-presenting clubfoot (DPC) was sent to 88 clubfoot practitioners (response rate 56.8%). We collected data on decision-making, casting, imaging, orthotics, surgery, recurrence, rehabilitation, multidisciplinary care, and contextual factors. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The qualitative data were analysed using conventional content analysis. Many respondents reported using the Pirani score and some used the PAVER score to aid deformity severity assessment and correctability. Respondents consistently applied the Ponseti casting principles with a stepwise approach. Respondents reported economic, social, and other contextual factors that influenced the timing of the treatment, the decision to treat a bilateral deformity simultaneously, and casting intervals. Differences were seen around orthotic usage and surgical approaches, such as the use of tibialis anterior tendon transfer following full correction. In summary, the survey identified consensus areas in the overall principles of management for older children with clubfoot and the implementation of the Ponseti principles. The results indicate these principles are well recognised as a multidisciplinary approach for older children with clubfoot and can be adapted well for different geographical and healthcare contexts

Leaves of the Arabidopsis maltose exporter1 Mutant Exhibit a Metabolic Profile with Features of Cold Acclimation in the Warm

BACKGROUND: Arabidopsis plants accumulate maltose from starch breakdown during cold acclimation. The Arabidopsis mutant, maltose excess1-1, accumulates large amounts of maltose in the plastid even in the warm, due to a deficient plastid envelope maltose transporter. We therefore investigated whether the elevated maltose level in mex1-1 in the warm could result in changes in metabolism and physiology typical of WT plants grown in the cold. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Grown at 21 °C, mex1-1 plants were much smaller, with fewer leaves, and elevated carbohydrates and amino acids compared to WT. However, after transfer to 4 °C the total soluble sugar pool and amino acid concentration was in equal abundance in both genotypes, although the most abundant sugar in mex1-1 was still maltose whereas sucrose was in greatest abundance in WT. The chlorophyll a/b ratio in WT was much lower in the cold than in the warm, but in mex1-1 it was low in both warm and cold. After prolonged growth at 4 °C, the shoot biomass, rosette diameter and number of leaves at bolting were similar in mex1-1 and WT. CONCLUSIONS: The mex1-1 mutation in warm-grown plants confers aspects of cold acclimation, including elevated levels of sugars and amino acids and low chlorophyll a/b ratio. This may in turn compromise growth of mex1-1 in the warm relative to WT. We suggest that elevated maltose in the plastid could be responsible for key aspects of cold acclimation

Refining risk stratification to improve prognosis in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia

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The Metabolic Profile of Young, Watered Chickpea Plants Can Be Used as a Biomarker to Predict Seed Number under Terminal Drought

Chickpea is the second-most-cultivated legume globally, with India and Australia being the two largest producers. In both of these locations, the crop is sown on residual summer soil moisture and left to grow on progressively depleting water content, finally maturing under terminal drought conditions. The metabolic profile of plants is commonly, correlatively associated with performance or stress responses, e.g., the accumulation of osmoprotective metabolites during cold stress. In animals and humans, metabolites are also prognostically used to predict the likelihood of an event (usually a disease) before it occurs, e.g., blood cholesterol and heart disease. We sought to discover metabolic biomarkers in chickpea that could be used to predict grain yield traits under terminal drought, from the leaf tissue of young, watered, healthy plants. The metabolic profile (GC-MS and enzyme assays) of field-grown chickpea leaves was analysed over two growing seasons, and then predictive modelling was applied to associate the most strongly correlated metabolites with the final seed number plan

Harvest time optimisation for combustion quality of different miscanthus genotypes across Europe

The research work has been carried out as a part of OPTIMISC project, which received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No. 289159. Authors would like to acknowledge all project partners for managing field trials at each site and providing samples. The authors wish to thank Dr. Jens Möhring for his support during the statistical analysis. Particular thanks go to the staff of the experimental station, Ihinger Hof, especially Thomas Truckses for providing help during field measurements and sample collection. The chemical analysis was supported by Dagmar Mezger and Martin Zahner. The manuscript was edited by Nicole Gaudet.Peer reviewedPublisher PD