The influence of LLLT applied on applied on calvarial defect in rats under effect of cigarette smoke

Objective: Considering the global public health problem of smoking, which can negatively influence bone tissue repair, the aim of this study is to analyze the influence of photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) on calvaria defects created surgically in specimens under the effect of cigarette smoke and analyzed with use of histomorphometric and immunohistochemistry techniques. Methodology: Calvaria defects 4.1 mm in diameter were surgically created in the calvaria of 90-day-old rats (n=60) that were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups containing 15 animals each: control group (C), smoking group (S), laser group (L), and smoke associated with laser group (S+L). The animals were subjected to surgery for calvaria defects and underwent PBM, being evaluated at 21, 45, and 60 days post-surgery. The specimens were then processed for histomorphometric and immunohistochemistry analyses. The area of bone neoformation (ABN), percentage of bone neoformation (PBNF), and the remaining distance between the edges of the defects (D) were analyzed histometrically. Quantitative analysis of the TRAP immunolabeled cells was also performed. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) in conjunction with Tukey’s test to verify the statistical differences between groups (p<0.05). Results: The smoking group showed less ABN compared to the other experimental groups in all periods, and it also showed more D at 21 days compared to the remaining groups and at 45 days compared to the laser group. The smoking group showed a lower PNBF compared to the laser group in all experimental periods and compared to smoking combined with LLLT group at 21 days. Conclusions: PBM acted on bone biomodulation, thus stimulating new bone formation and compensating for the negative factor of smoking, which can be used as a supportive therapy during bone repair processes

Effect of systemic antibiotic and probiotic therapies as adjuvant treatments of subgingival instrumentation for periodontitis: a randomized controlled clinical study

Objective: This study assessed the efficacy of two adjunct therapies (antibiotic and probiotic) for periodontal treatment based on clinical and immunological parameters in patients with Stage II and III Grade B periodontitis. Methodology: 45 patients were randomly allocated into three groups: control group (CG); antibiotic group (GAtb), in which 500 mg amoxicillin + 400 mg metronidazole were used; and probiotic group (GProb), for which Lactobacillus reuteri was used. Patients received medications after undergoing periodontal debridement. Clinical and immunological parameters were assessed at baseline, 30 days, and 90 days. Results: All therapies reduced bleeding on probing (BoP) in the evaluated periods, and the GAtb had a greater reduction at 90 days (p=0.03). The GProb group showed better results for plaque index (PI) and gingival recession (GR) compared to the GAtb at 90 days (p=0.0014; p=0.006). The area of inflammation (PISA Index) significantly decreased in all therapies in the evaluated periods. Therapies had no significant differences regarding moderate pockets. The GAtb had a greater reduction in probing depth (PD) for deep pockets (p=0.03) at 90 days and in the number of deep pocket sites at 30 days (p=0.04). The occurrence of adverse effects was commonly reported in the GAtb as a percentage per patient. The GAtb had a significant reduction in the concentration of interleukins IL-1β and IL-8 and an increase in IL-10 and TNF-α. The CG had a reduction in IL-6 and IL-1 β, whereas in the GProb there was no difference. Conclusion: After three months, none of the adjuvant therapies provided any additional benefit for subgingival instrumentation

Influência da inalação da fumaça de cigarro na regeneração óssea guiada em enxertos autógenos onlay em ratas com deficiência estrogênica: estudo histomorfométrico

As perdas ósseas constituem um desafio comum na clínica diária da periodontia e implantodontia. Essas condições que podem ser resultado de doenças periodontais, traumas e fatores anatômicos ou congênitos e também do uso de próteses totais ou parciais removíveis promovem uma reabsorção contínua dos rebordos alveolares dificultando uma adequada reabilitação posterior. Os implantes osseointegrados surgiram como uma abordagem terapêutica segura e com altos índices de sucesso, no entanto, é necessária uma quantidade mínima de osso que pode ser adquirida através da Regeneração Óssea Guiada (ROG), e também devem ser observados os fatores sistêmicos e locais do paciente que podem interferir no processo de osseointegração comprometendo o tratamento. Dentre os principais exemplos desses fatores estão o tabagismo e a deficiência estrogênica. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho se propôs verificar o processo de osseointegração na regeneração óssea guiada em enxertos autógenos onlay em comparação com a influência da inalação de fumaça de cigarro na regeneração óssea guiada em ratas com deficiência estrogênica. Para isso, foram utilizadas 120 ratas adultas (Rattus norvegicus, variação albinus, Wistar) com 90 dias de idade, com peso em torno de 300 gramas divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais (Controle e Teste) cada um contendo 60 animais e subdivididos em dois subgrupos experimentais e organizados da seguinte maneira: C+ (n=30) ratas SHAM (submetidas à simulação da cirurgia de ovariectomia) não expostas à fumaça de cigarro; OVZ (n=30) ratas ovariectomizadas não expostas à fumaça de cigarro; C+F (n=30) ratas SHAM (submetidas à simulação da cirurgia de ovariectomia) expostas à fumaça de cigarro e OVZ+F (n=30) ratas ovariectomizadas expostas à fumaça de cigarro. Todos os animais foram submetidos à cirurgia para a colocação de enxertos na hemi-mandíbula esquerda, recobertos por membrana de colágeno reabsorvível. Os animais foram eutanasiados por perfusão cardíaca nos períodos 21, 45 e 60 dias. Os resultados revelaram que em relação à integração do enxerto ao leito receptor e o parâmetro Tempo houve um aumento significativo na integração do enxerto entre os períodos 45 dias x 21 dias (P= 0,034) intra subgrupo C+F. Em relação à altura do enxerto ósseo, no parâmetro Condição observou-se que a condição do fumo promoveu uma redução significativa da altura do enxerto ósseo no subgrupo C+F (P= 0,002) no período de 21 dias. Em relação à largura do enxerto ósseo o parâmetro Condição no período de 45 dias houve diferença significante inter subgrupos C+ x C+F (P= 0,014). A análise histomorfométrica foi realizada e os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) dois fatores e teste de Shapiro-Wilk, ambos com nível de significância convencional de 5%. Com os resultados pode-se concluir que o reparo da regeneração óssea guiada de enxertos ósseos autógenos onlay em modelo animal de inalação da fumaça de cigarro associado à ovariectomia, não foi prejudicado.Bone loss are an usual challenge on daily periodontal and implantology practice. These conditions could be a result of periodontal diseases, traumas and anatomic or congenital factors and prosthesis that will promotes a continual resorption of alveolar ridge hindering a proper subsequent rehabilitation. The dental implants have arisen as a safe therapeutic approach and with high success rates; however, a minimal amount of bone is necessary that can be acquired through Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR), and patient’s systemic and local factors must be observed because they may interfere with the osseointegration process compromising treatment. Among these main examples are smoking and estrogen deficiency. The nicotine found in cigarettes has shown important influence on the biological events negatively affecting bone repair and osseointegration. The estrogen deficiency, as well as cigarette, has an impact on the bone metabolism resulting in bone fragility by reducing its mass. Therewith is possible to observe in the literature that each these conditions can cause some damage to bone tissue. Thus, the present study aimed to verify the osseointegration process on guided bone regeneration in autogenous onlay grafts compared to the influence of smoking cigarette inhalation on guided bone regeneration in rats with estrogen deficiency. For this, 120 adult female rats (Rattus norvegicus, Albinus variation, Wistar) ninety days old, weighing around 300 grams were randomized in two experimental groups (Control and Test) each with 60 animals and divided into two experimental and organized subgroups as follows: C (n=30) SHAM rats (subjected to simulated ovariectomy surgery) unexposed to cigarette smoking; OVZ (n=30) ovariectomized and unexposed to cigarette smoking rats; C+F (n=30) SHAM rats (subjected to simulated ovariectomy surgery) exposed to cigarette smoking and OVZ+F (n=30) ovariectomized rats exposed to cigarette smoking. All the animals were undergo surgery for the placement of onlay bone grafts in the jaw left and these were coated with resorbable collagen membrane. The rats were euthanized by cardiac perfusion in periods 21, 45 and 60 days. The results showed in relation to the integration of the graft and the recipient bed Time parameter was a significant increase in graft integration between periods x 45 days 21 days (P = 0.034) intra subgroup C + F. In relation to the height of the bone graft, the parameter Condition was observed that the smoke condition produced a significant reduction of bone graft height in subgroup C + F (P= 0.002) in 21 days. In relation to the width of the bone graft condition parameter in the 45 day period there was a significant difference inter subgroups C x + C + F (P= 0.014). Histomorphometric analysis was performed and the data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) two factors and Shapiro-Wilk test, both with conventional significance level of 5%. With the results we can conclude that guided bone regeneration repair on autogenous bone graft onlay in an animal model of cigarette smoke inhalation associated with ovariectomy, was not jeopardized.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Influence of Cigarette Smoke Inhalation on an Autogenous Onlay Bone Graft Area in Rats with Estrogen Deficiency: A Histomorphometric and Immunohistochemistry Study

Purpose: The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of cigarette smoke inhalation on an autogenous onlay bone graft area, either covered with a collagen membrane or not, in healthy and estrogen-deficient rats through histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry. Materials and Methods: Sixty female rats (Wistar), weighing 250–300 g, were randomly divided and allocated into groups (either exposed to cigarette smoke inhalation or not, ovariectomized and SHAM). After 15 days, the test group underwent cigarette smoke inhalation. Sixty days after exposition, autogenous bone grafting was only performed on all right hemimandibles, and the left ones underwent autogenous onlay bone grafting with the collagen membrane (BioGide®). The graft was harvested from the parietal bone and attached to the animals’ jaws (right and left). They were euthanized at 21, 45, and 60 days after grafting. Histological measurements and immunohistochemical analyses were performed, and results were submitted to a statistical analysis. Results: The addition of a collagen membrane to the bone graft proved more efficient in preserving graft area if compared to the graft area without a collagen membrane and the one associated with cigarette smoke inhalation at 21 (p = 0.0381) and 60 days (p = 0.0192), respectively. Cigarette smoke inhalation combined with ovariectomy promoted a significant reduction of the autogenous graft area at 21 and 60 days. At 45 days, no statistically significant results were observed. In the immunohistochemical analysis, the ovariectomized and smoking subgroups, combined or not with collagen membrane, received moderate and intense immunolabeling at 21 days for Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand (RANKL) (p = 0.0017 and p = 0.0381, respectively). For Osteoprotegerin (OPG), intense immunolabeling was observed in most subgroups under analysis at 60 days. Conclusion: Smoking inhalation promoted resorption on the autogenous onlay bone graft, mainly when associated with ovariectomy. Furthermore, when associated with the collagen membrane, a lower resorption rate was observed if compared to the absence of the membrane