Genetic analysis indicate superiority of perfomance of cape goosberry (Physalis peruviana L.) hybrids

The use of hybrids as a new type of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) cultivars could improve yield in this crop, but little or no information is available on hybrid perfomance. We studied several vegetative characters, yield, fruit weight and fruit shape, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and ascorbic acid content (AAC) in three hybrids of cape gooseberry and their parents grown outdoors and in a glasshouse. The highest yields were obtained with hybrids, specially in a glasshouse. Interaction dominance environment for yield was very important; a higher dominance effect was detected in the glasshouse, than that observed outdoors. Quality characters were highly affected by the environment and showed variable results for the different families. For fruit composition traits, the additive and additive environment interactions were most important. Broad-sense heritability for all characters was high to medium (0.48-0.91), indicating that a high response to selection would be expected. Hybrids can improve cape gooseberry yield without impairing fruit quality.Leiva-Brondo, M.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Nuez Viñals, F. (2001). Genetic analysis indicate superiority of perfomance of cape goosberry (Physalis peruviana L.) hybrids. Journal of New Seeds. 3(3):71-84. doi:10.1300/J153v03n03_04718433Abak, K., Güler, H. Y., Sari, N., & Paksoy, M. (1994). EARLINESS AND YIELD OF PHYSALIS (P. IXOCARPA BROT. AND P. PERUVIANA L.) IN GREENHOUSE, LOW TUNNEL AND OPEN FIELD. Acta Horticulturae, (366), 301-306. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1994.366.37Kang, M. S. (1997). Using Genotype-by-Environment Interaction for Crop Cultivar Development. Advances in Agronomy Volume 62, 199-252. doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60569-6Klinac, D. J. (1986). Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) production systems. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 14(4), 425-430. doi:10.1080/03015521.1986.10423060Mather, K., & Jinks, J. L. (1977). Introduction to Biometrical Genetics. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5787-9Mazer, S. J., & Schick, C. T. (1991). Constancy of population parameters for life history and floral traits in Raphanus sativus L. I. Norms of reaction and the nature of genotype by environment interactions. Heredity, 67(2), 143-156. doi:10.1038/hdy.1991.74Nyquist, W. E., & Baker, R. J. (1991). Estimation of heritability and prediction of selection response in plant populations. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 10(3), 235-322. doi:10.1080/07352689109382313Pearcy, R. W. (1990). Sunflecks and Photosynthesis in Plant Canopies. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 41(1), 421-453. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.41.060190.002225Péron, J. Y., Demaure, E., & Hannetel, C. (1989). POSSIBILITIES OF TROPICAL SOLANACEAE AND CUCURBITACEAE INTRODUCTION IN FRANCE. Acta Horticulturae, (242), 179-186. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1989.242.24Proctor, F. J. (1990). THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY MARKET FOR TROPICAL FRUIT AND FACTORS LIMITING GROWTH. Acta Horticulturae, (269), 29-40. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1990.269.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces in Catalonia, a Mesoamerican germplasm hotspot to be preserved

[EN] Several landraces of common bean with high organoleptic value have resisted the rapid expansion of improved cultivars in Catalonia, in north-eastern Spain. To establish strategies for their preservation and use, we employed RAPD and AFLP markers to investigate the genetic variability within 15 landraces and to identify their original gene pools. A higher percentage of Mesoamerican landraces was found in Catalonia (40%) than in the rest of the Iberian Peninsula, or in Europe (approx. 20%). This is probably due to the exclusion of Catalonia from early trade with the American colonies and stronger commercial links with the Caribbean during the nineteenth century. Our results confirm that Catalan consumers prefer white-seeded common bean varieties of Mesoamerican origin. The landrace ‘Castellfollit del Boix’ showed 69.6% polymorphic RAPD primers, with 53.2% polymorphic bands, while at the other extreme ‘Tavella Brisa’ showed 47.8% polymorphic primers with 25.3% polymorphic bands. An AFLP approach yielded similar results. The high genetic variability found in ‘Castellfollit del Boix’, one of the landraces most threatened, suggests a considerable amount of introgression from improved inbreds.This work was supported by a research grant from CICYT (AGL0035-01).Sanchez, E.; Sifres Cuerda, AG.; Casañas, F.; Nuez Viñals, F. (2007). Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces in Catalonia, a Mesoamerican germplasm hotspot to be preserved. Journal of Horticultural Science. 82(4):529-534. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2007.11512269S529534824Rodrigo, A. P. (2000).Caracterización Morfoagronómica y Bioquímica del Germoplasma de la Judía Común (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) de España.Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain. 251 pp

Turia pepino

Turia is a new salad pepino cultivar adapted to greenhouse cultivation in a wide range of environments with high yield and improved fruit quality. Its fruit is ovate in shape and has golden yellow skin covered with purple stripes, mild flavour and intense aroma. Turia is the first pepino cultivar tolerant to tomato mosaic virus.Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Leiva-Brondo, M.; Nuez Viñals, F. (2004). Turia pepino. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 84(2):603-606. doi:10.4141/P03-108S60360684

Adaptación del sistema radicular de melón (Cucumis melo L.) frente a la deficiencia en fósforo

[ES] Los resultados demuestran la variabilidad, tanto en la arquitectura de raíz en condiciones normales, como en la respuesta plástica a la deficiencia en fósforo de las entradas de melón estudiadas. Las entradas de la subsp. agrestis, y algunos grupos botánicos de la subsp. melo con entradas más rústicas, como el tipo flexuosus y chate, muestran una respuesta muy marcada a la deficiencia en fósforo. Para los grupos de melones cultivados las tipologías de respuesta son más diversas, pero existe variación, tanto en el grupo inodorus como en el grupo cantalupensis y reticulatus, que resulta de interés para la mejora de los tipos cultivados.Los trabajos realizados han sido parcialmente financiados por el proyecto INIARF2008-00003-C02-02 y por el proyecto ERANETGEN2006-27773-C2-2.Fita, A.; Nuez Viñals, F.; Picó Sirvent, MB. (2011). Adaptación del sistema radicular de melón (Cucumis melo L.) frente a la deficiencia en fósforo. Agrícola Vergel. 4:151-154. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/36873S151154

Yield and leaf traits in commercial hybrids of maize

Peer Reviewe

Genetic, quantitative and microscopic evidence for fusion of haploid nuclei and growth of somatic calli in cultured ms1035 tomato anthers

In plant breeding, androgenic doubled haploids represent powerful tools to save time and resources for pure line generation. While in many species efficient protocols are known, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the knowledge on the induction of androgenesis is still very scarce, and little is known about the particularities of this highly recalcitrant species. The only known method capable of yielding haploid/doubled haploid tomato plants is anther culture. However, this method has important limitations, including low efficiency of haploid induction and a low proportion of spontaneously doubled haploids. To understand these limitations better, we have analyzed the process of callus formation in anthers of tomato lines carrying the ms10 35 gene for male-sterility, using light and electron microscopy, flow cytometry and genetic analysis with morphological and molecular markers. Our results demonstrate that haploid, doubled haploid and diploid calli occur in tomato anthers, although at different frequencies. Diploid calli derived either from somatic cells or from the fusion of two genetically different haploid nuclei account for more than 90% of the total of calli produced. Somatic calli are derived from the stubs of connective tissue present in the interlocular septa of anthers. This growth is markedly increased in the ms10 35 mutants, which explains their higher callogenic rates than standard tomato lines. Together, our results reveal serious drawbacks that explain the low efficiency of anther-derived, doubled haploid production in tomato, and stress the need for alternatives towards doubled haploidy.We want to acknowledge Drs. Alicia Sifres and Begona Renau for their excellent technical work, as well as the staff of the COMAV greenhouses for their valuable help. Thanks are also due to the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments to improve the final version of the paper. This work was supported by grants AGL2006-06678 and AGL2010-17895 from Spanish MICINN to JMSS.Corral Martínez, P.; Nuez Viñals, F.; Seguí-Simarro, JM. (2011). Genetic, quantitative and microscopic evidence for fusion of haploid nuclei and growth of somatic calli in cultured ms1035 tomato anthers. Euphytica. 178(2):2151-228. doi:10.1007/s10681-010-0303-zS21512281782Areshchenkova T, Ganal MW (1999) Long tomato microsatellites are predominantly associated with centromeric regions. Genome 42:536–544Bal U, Abak K (2005) Induction of symmetrical nucleus division and multicellular structures from the isolated microspores of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Biotechnol Biotec Eq 19:35–42Bal U, Abak K (2007) Haploidy in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.): a critical review. Euphytica 158:1–9Dao NT, Shamina ZB (1978) Cultivation of isolated tomato anthers. Sov Plant Physiol 25:120–126Durand V (1981) Relations entre les gènes marqueurs aa et Wo et le gene de stérilité mâle ms35. In: Philouze J (ed) Genetique et selection de la tomate. Proceedings of the Meetings of the Eucarpia Tomato Working Group, Avignon, France, pp 225–228FAOSTAT (2009) http://faostat.fao.orgFerriol M, Pico B, Nuez F (2003) Genetic diversity of a germplasm collection of Cucurbita pepo using SRAP and AFLP markers. Theor Appl Genet 107:271–282Goldberg RB, Beals TP, Sanders PM (1993) Anther development: basic principles and practical applications. Plant Cell 5:1217–1229Gresshoff PM, Doy CH (1972) Development and differentiation of haploid Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato). Planta 107:161–170Gulshan TMV, Sharma DR (1981) Studies on anther cultures of tomato—Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Biol Plant 23:414–420Ivanova SV, Dolgodvorova LI, Karlov GI, Kuchkovskaja EV (2000) Morphometric and cytogenetic characteristics of haploid tomato plants. Russ J Genetics 36:41–50Jaramillo J, Summers WL (1990) Tomato anther callus production—solidifying agent and concentration influence induction of callus. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 115:1047–1050Jaramillo J, Summers WL (1991) Dark-light treatments influence induction of tomato anther callus. Hortscience 26:915–916Levenko BA, Kunakh VA, Yurkova GN (1977) Studies on callus tissue from anthers. 1. Tomato. Phytomorphology 27:377–383Ma YH, Kato K, Masuda M (1999) Efficient callus induction and shoot regeneration by anther culture in male sterile mutants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. First). J Jpn Soc Hortic Sci 68:768–773Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473–479Philouze J (1974) Marker genes for Ms-32 and Ms-35 male-sterility genes in tomato. Annales De L Amelioration Des Plantes 24:77–82Rick CM (1948) Genetics and development of nine male-sterile tomato mutants. Hilgardia 18:599–633Seguí-Simarro JM (2010) Androgenesis revisited. Bot Rev 76:377–404Seguí-Simarro JM, Nuez F (2005) Meiotic metaphase I to telophase II is the most responsive stage of microspore development for induction of androgenesis in tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum). Acta Physiol Plant 27:675–685Seguí-Simarro JM, Nuez F (2007) Embryogenesis induction, callogenesis, and plant regeneration by in vitro culture of tomato isolated microspores and whole anthers. J Exp Bot 58:1119–1132Seguí-Simarro JM, Nuez F (2008) How microspores transform into haploid embryos: changes associated with embryogenesis induction and microspore-derived embryogenesis. Physiol Plant 134:1–12Seguí-Simarro JM, Otegui MS, Austin JR, Staehelin LA (2008) Plant cytokinesis—insights gained from electron tomography studies. In: Verma DPS, Hong Z (eds) Cell division control in plants. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 251–287Senatore A, Trobacher CP, Greenwood JS (2009) Ricinosomes predict programmed cell death leading to anther dehiscence in tomato. Plant Physiol 149:775–790Sharp WR, Dougall DK (1971) Haploid plantlets and callus from immature pollen grains of Nicotiana and Lycopersicon. B Torrey Bot Club 98:219–222Sharp WR, Raskin RS, Sommer HW (1972) The use of nurse culture in the development of haploid clones in tomato. Planta 104:357–361Shivanna KR, Johri BM (1985) The angiosperm pollen. Structure and function. Wiley Eastern Limited, New DelhiShtereva LA, Zagorska NA, Dimitrov BD, Kruleva MM, Oanh HK (1998) Induced androgenesis in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). II. Factors affecting induction of androgenesis. Plant Cell Rep 18:312–317Smulders MJM, Bredemeijer G, RusKortekaas W, Arens P, Vosman B (1997) Use of short microsatellites from database sequences to generate polymorphisms among Lycopersicon esculentum cultivars and accessions of other Lycopersicon species. Theor Appl Genet 94:264–272Summers WL, Jaramillo J, Bailey T (1992) Microspore developmental stage and anther length influence the induction of tomato anther callus. Hortscience 27:838–840Touraev A, Pfosser M, Heberle-Bors E (2001) The microspore: a haploid multipurpose cell. Adv Bot Res 35:53–109Varghese TM, Gulshan Y (1986) Production of embryoids and calli from isolated microspores of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in liquid media. Biol Plant 28:126–129Zagorska NA, Shtereva A, Dimitrov BD, Kruleva MM (1998) Induced androgenesis in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)—I. Influence of genotype on androgenetic ability. Plant Cell Rep 17:968–973Zagorska NA, Shtereva LA, Kruleva MM, Sotirova VG, Baralieva DL, Dimitrov BD (2004) Induced androgenesis in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). III. Characterization of the regenerants. Plant Cell Rep 22:449–456Zamir D, Jones RA, Kedar N (1980) Anther culture of male sterile tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) mutants. Plant Sci Lett 17:353–36

Identification of organoleptic and functional quality profiles in Spanish traditional cultivars of tomato

The original publication is available at www.actahort.orgDespite the increasing importance of the internal quality in breeding programmes and marketing of tomato, little information is available regarding organoleptic and functional profiles of traditional cultivars of renowned quality. The aim of this study is to evaluate the internal quality of 51 traditional tomato accessions representative of the Spanish genepool. Total soluble solids, oxalic, malic, citric and glutamic acids, fructose, glucose and sucrose, vitamin C and lycopene were determined, thereby obtaining the respective organoleptic and functional profiles. These profiles will be very valuable in establishing breeding objectives, to provide the cultivars appreciated by consumers, willing to pay higher prices for them. A considerable high level of variability has been found in the profiles obtained and no clear groups could be identified with regards to fruit morphology or local name. Variability was higher in those traits affecting functional quality (coefficients of variation of 51.2% for vitamin C and 74.6% for lycopene content) than those affecting organoleptic quality (coefficients of variation ranged from 18% for total soluble contents to 38.8% for glutamic acid). Additionally, several accessions were selected on the basis of their higher individual contents for further studies of internal quality. These accessions were CDP8102 and CDP3547 for high malic acid, accession CDP6315 for high fructose and glucose levels, accession CDP1523 for its lycopene content and accessions CDP2226 and CDP336 for high vitamin C content. Considering previous correlations between individual contents and consumer preference, accessions CDP7554, CDP2666 and CDP3547 should be further evaluated for their overall flavour quality.Cortés Olmos, C.; Leiva Brondo, M.; Adalid Martinez, AM.; Cebolla Cornejo, J.; Nuez Viñals, F. (2011). Identification of organoleptic and functional quality profiles in Spanish traditional cultivars of tomato. International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS). doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.918.62

Regeneration in selected Cucurbita spp. germplasm

Gisbert Domenech, MC.; Picó Sirvent, MBN.; Nuez Viñals, F. (2011). Regeneration in selected Cucurbita spp. germplasm. Report- Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative. 33-34:53-54. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/62926S535433-3

Root transcriptional responses of two melongenotypes with contrasting resistance toMonosporascus cannonballus (Pollack et Uecker)infection

Background: Monosporascus cannonballus is the main causal agent of melon vine decline disease. Several studies have been carried out mainly focused on the study of the penetration of this pathogen into melon roots, the evaluation of symptoms severity on infected roots, and screening assays for breeding programs. However, a detailed molecular view on the early interaction between M. cannonballus and melon roots in either susceptible or resistant genotypes is lacking. In the present study, we used a melon oligo-based microarray to investigate the gene expression responses of two melon genotypes, Cucumis melo ¿Piel de sapo¿ (¿PS¿) and C. melo ¿Pat 81¿, with contrasting resistance to the disease. This study was carried out at 1 and 3 days after infection (DPI) by M. cannonballus. Results: Our results indicate a dissimilar behavior of the susceptible vs. the resistant genotypes from 1 to 3 DPI. ¿PS¿ responded with a more rapid infection response than ¿Pat 81¿ at 1 DPI. At 3 DPI the total number of differentially expressed genes identified in ¿PS¿ declined from 451 to 359, while the total number of differentially expressed transcripts in ¿Pat 81¿ increased from 187 to 849. Several deregulated transcripts coded for components of Ca2+ and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathways, as well as for other proteins related to defence mechanisms. Transcriptional differences in the activation of the JA-mediated response in ¿Pat 81¿ compared to ¿PS¿ suggested that JA response might be partially responsible for their observed differences in resistance. Conclusions: As a result of this study we have identified for the first time a set of candidate genes involved in the root response to the infection of the pathogen causing melon vine decline. This information is useful for understanding the disease progression and resistance mechanisms few days after inoculation.Roig Montaner, MC.; Fita, A.; Rios, G.; Hammond, JP.; Nuez Viñals, F.; Picó Sirvent, MB. (2012). Root transcriptional responses of two melongenotypes with contrasting resistance toMonosporascus cannonballus (Pollack et Uecker)infection. BMC Genomics. 13(601):1-12. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-601S11213601Stanghellini, M. E., Kim, D. H., & Waugh, M. (2000). Microbe-Mediated Germination of Ascospores of Monosporascus cannonballus. Phytopathology, 90(3), 243-247. doi:10.1094/phyto.2000.90.3.243Waugh, M. M., Ferrin, D. M., & Stanghellini, M. E. (2005). Colonization of cantaloupe roots by Monosporascus cannonballus. Mycological Research, 109(11), 1297-1301. doi:10.1017/s0953756205003722Périn, C., Hagen, L., De Conto, V., Katzir, N., Danin-Poleg, Y., Portnoy, V., … Pitrat, M. (2002). A reference map of Cucumis melo based on two recombinant inbred line populations. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 104(6), 1017-1034. doi:10.1007/s00122-002-0864-xEduardo, I., Arús, P., & Monforte, A. J. (2005). Development of a genomic library of near isogenic lines (NILs) in melon (Cucumis melo L.) from the exotic accession PI161375. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 112(1), 139-148. doi:10.1007/s00122-005-0116-yGonzalo, M. J., Oliver, M., Garcia-Mas, J., Monfort, A., Dolcet-Sanjuan, R., Katzir, N., … Monforte, A. J. (2005). Simple-sequence repeat markers used in merging linkage maps of melon (Cucumis melo L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 110(5), 802-811. doi:10.1007/s00122-004-1814-6Fernandez-Silva, I., Eduardo, I., Blanca, J., Esteras, C., Picó, B., Nuez, F., … Monforte, A. J. (2008). Bin mapping of genomic and EST-derived SSRs in melon (Cucumis melo L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 118(1), 139-150. doi:10.1007/s00122-008-0883-3Deleu, W., Esteras, C., Roig, C., González-To, M., Fernández-Silva, I., Gonzalez-Ibeas, D., … Garcia-Mas, J. (2009). A set of EST-SNPs for map saturation and cultivar identification in melon. 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Engineering Melon Plants with Improved Fruit Shelf Life Using the TILLING Approach. PLoS ONE, 5(12), e15776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015776González, M., Xu, M., Esteras, C., Roig, C., Monforte, A. J., Troadec, C., … Picó, B. (2011). Towards a TILLING platform for functional genomics in Piel de Sapo melons. BMC Research Notes, 4(1). doi:10.1186/1756-0500-4-289Gonzalez-Ibeas, D., Blanca, J., Roig, C., González-To, M., Picó, B., Truniger, V., … Aranda, M. A. (2007). MELOGEN: an EST database for melon functional genomics. BMC Genomics, 8(1), 306. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-8-306Clepet, C., Joobeur, T., Zheng, Y., Jublot, D., Huang, M., Truniger, V., … Fei, Z. (2011). Analysis of expressed sequence tags generated from full-length enriched cDNA libraries of melon. BMC Genomics, 12(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-252Mascarell-Creus, A., Cañizares, J., Vilarrasa-Blasi, J., Mora-García, S., Blanca, J., Gonzalez-Ibeas, D., … Caño-Delgado, A. I. (2009). An oligo-based microarray offers novel transcriptomic approaches for the analysis of pathogen resistance and fruit quality traits in melon (Cucumis melo L.). BMC Genomics, 10(1), 467. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-467Reddy, V. S. (2003). Plant Molecular Biology, 52(1), 143-159. doi:10.1023/a:1023993713849Reddy, A. S. N., Ali, G. S., Celesnik, H., & Day, I. S. (2011). Coping with Stresses: Roles of Calcium- and Calcium/Calmodulin-Regulated Gene Expression. The Plant Cell, 23(6), 2010-2032. doi:10.1105/tpc.111.084988Tena, G., Boudsocq, M., & Sheen, J. (2011). Protein kinase signaling networks in plant innate immunity. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 14(5), 519-529. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2011.05.006Eulgem, T., & Somssich, I. E. (2007). Networks of WRKY transcription factors in defense signaling. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 10(4), 366-371. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2007.04.020Li, J., Brader, G., Kariola, T., & Tapio Palva, E. (2006). 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Comparison of morphological, AFLP and SSR markers for the protection of eggplant germplasm

The original publication is available at www.actahort.org[EN] Germplasm of local materials of vegetable crops can be protected in several ways, by registering it as a conservation variety, or also by means of a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) or Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) status. An effective protection requires devising tools to characterize and distinguish the materials from other related or similar materials. Here, we study the utility of morphological and molecular characterizations for the protection of eggplant (Solanum melongena) germplasm. In this respect, we have made morphological and molecular (AFLP and SSR) characterizations in Spanish local materials of eggplant corresponding to three varietal groups with different characteristics: Almagro (protected by a PGI status), Listada de Gandía (internationally known striped local variety), and Spanish Black (conglomerate of different local varieties from different origins). Morphological data are useful to distinguish the local landraces from related materials. However, within each varietal group there is some morphological variation among the different germplasm accessions of each group, and also there is variation in the morphological characterization among trials performed in different years. The use of AFLP and SSR markers has confirmed the existence of genetic variation within each group. In this respect, SSRs are more reliable than AFLPs to distinguish closely related eggplant materials and have allowed detect specific universal SSR markers for the Almagro and Listada de Gandía landraces. Correlation coefficients between distances based on morphological, AFLP and SSR markers are moderate, reflecting the different genetic information provided by these three markers. The results show that morphological and molecular markers provide complementary information, and when used in combination can be very useful for the protection of local materials of eggplant.This contribution was financed by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” grants AGL2006-04878/AGR, AGL2009-07257, and RF2008-00008-00-00.Prohens Tomás, J.; Vilanova Navarro, S.; Muñoz Falcón, JE.; Nuez Viñals, F. (2011). Comparison of morphological, AFLP and SSR markers for the protection of eggplant germplasm. Acta Horticulturae. 898:123-131. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/30322S12313189