Ions losses in multislit electromagnetic trap “Jupiter 2M”

The results of ions losses researches through magnetic slits and axial holes of a multislit electromagnetic trap “Jupiter 2M” are submitted. Plasma potential in the central area of a trap and potential depression in a ring magnetic slit are experimentally measured. The potential barriers to ions in ring magnetic slits are determined. It is shown, that the ions losses in the axial holes make no more than 4 % of total ions losses from the trap. The reason of low ions losses in axial holes is the additional forces arising at plasma interaction with crossed electrical and magnetic fields.В роботі представлені результати досліджень втрат іонів через магнітні щілини та осьові отвори багатощілинної електромагнітної пастки “Юпітер 2М”. Експериментально виміряні потенціал плазми в центральній області пастки та провисання потенціалу в кільцевих магнітних щілинах. Визначені потенційні бар’єри для іонів в кільцевих магнітних щілинах. Показано, що втрати іонів через осьові отвори не перевищують 4% загальних втрат іонів з пастки. Причиною малих втрат іонів через осьові отвори є додаткові сили, що виникають при взаємодії плазми з схрещеними електричним та магнітним полями.В работе представлены результаты исследования потерь ионов через магнитные щели и осевые отверстия многощелевой электромагнитной ловушки «Юпитер 2М». Экспериментально измерены потенциал плазмы в центральной области ловушки и провисание потенциала в кольцевых магнитных щелях. Определены потенциальные барьеры для ионов в кольцевых магнитных щелях. Показано, что потери ионов в осевые отверстия не превышают 4% общих потерь ионов из ловушки. Причиной малых потерь ионов через осевые отверстия являются дополнительные силы, которые возникают при взаимодействии плазмы со скрещенными электрическим и магнитным полями

Effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy, stress reduction in hypertension and prehypertension: a systematic review

Aim. To collect and analyze currently available clinical studies on the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for lowering blood pressure in individuals with normal, high normal blood pressure and hypertension.Material and methods. The systematic review was prepared according to the PRISMA algorithm with minor modifications. The search algorithm included articles in Russian and English, indexed in the Pubmed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases. The study included studies on the impact of mindfulness interventions on blood pressure levels in individuals aged ≥18 years with an established diagnosis of hypertension, with normal (120-129/80-84 mm Hg) and high normal office blood pressure (130-139/85-89 mm Hg).Results. A total of 4785 publications were identified and included in the study, of which, after a multistage sampling, including screening of articles, 6 studies were included in a qualitative systematic review.Conclusion. Qualitative synthesis of the results of clinical studies revealed that the evidence currently available indicates a possible positive effect of mindfulness interventions on blood pressure levels in individuals with normal, high normal blood pressure and hypertension. However, further studies with larger samples and measurement of more primary and secondary endpoints are required

Mobile applications for anxiety and stress reduction: potential for preventing noncommunicable diseases

The article discusses using mobile applications for smartphones as tools to reduce anxiety and stress. The modern views on pathogenesis of the relationship between stress, anxiety disorders and cardiovascular disease are considered. Based on a review of some representative studies, a methodology for evaluating the characteristics and functions of mobile applications for managing anxiety and stress symptoms is proposed. The applications selected for analysis were tested according to this methodology. There are following key features of the Russianlanguage field of mobile applications for anxiety and stress reduction: a small number of applications, high prevalence of using breathing exercises, meditations and sound therapy, an extremely low disease specificity and focus mainly on helping with general symptoms of anxiety

Development of neuropeptide Y-mediated heart innervation in rats

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) playsa trophic role in the nervous and vascular systems and incardiac hypertrophy. However, there i s no report concerning the expression of NPY and its receptors in the heart during postnatal development. In the current study, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis was used to label NPY, and Y1R, Y2R, and Y5R receptors in the heart tissue and intramural cardiac ganglia from rats of different ages (newborn, 10 days old, 20 days old, 30 days old, 60 days old, 1 year old, and 2 years old). The obtained data suggest age-dependent changes of NPY-mediated heart innervation. The density of NPYimmunoreactive (IR) fibers was the least in newborn animals and increased in t h e first 20 days of life. In t he atria of newborn and 10-day-old rats, NPY-IR fibers were more abundant compared with t h e ventricles. The vast majority of NPY-IR fibers also contained tyrosine hydroxylase, a key enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. The expression of Y1R increased between 10 and 20 days oflife. Faint Y2R immunoreactivity was observed in the atria and ventricles of 20-day-old and older rats. In contrast, the highest level of the expression of Y5R was found in newborn pups comparing with more adult rats. All intramural ganglionic neurons were also Y1R-IR and Y5R-IR and Y2R-negative in all studied animals. Thus, the increasing of density of NPY-containing nerve fibers accompanies changes in relation of different subtypes of NPY receptors in the heart during development

Development of non-catecholaminergic sympathetic neurons in para- and prevertebral ganglia of cats

© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. Expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the sympathetic ganglia was investigated by immunohistochemistry in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), stellate ganglion (SG) and celiac ganglion (CG) from cats of different ages (newborn, 10-day-old, 20-day-old, 30-day-old and 2-month-old). Non-catecholaminergic TH-negative VIP-immunoreactive (IR) and nNOS-IR sympathetic ganglionic neurons are present from the moment of birth. In all studied age groups, substantial populations of VIP-IR (up to 9.8%) and nNOS-IR cells (up to 8.3%) was found in the SG, with a much smaller population found in the SCG (<1%) and only few cells observed in the CG. The percentage of nNOS-IR and VIP-IR neurons in the CG and SCG did not significantly change during development. The proportion of nNOS-IR and VIP-IR neuron profiles in the SG increased in first 20 days of life from 2.3 ± 0.15% to 8.3 ± 0.56% and from 0.3 ± 0.05% to 9.2 ± 0.83%, respectively. In the SG, percentages of nNOS-IR sympathetic neurons colocalizing VIP increased in the first 20 days of life. ChAT-IR and CGRP-IR neurons were not observed in the sympathetic ganglia of newborn animals and did not appear until 10 days after birth. In the SG of newborn and 10-day-old kittens, the majority of NOS-IR neurons were calbindin (CB)-IR, whereas in the SCG and CG of cats of all age groups and in the SG of 30-day-old and older kittens, the vast majority of NOS-IR neurons lacked CB. We conclude that the development of various non-catecholaminergic neurons in different sympathetic ganglia has its own time dynamics and is concluded at the end of the second month of life