História e imagem, metamorfoses

O autor faz um breve retrospecto histórico sobre a presença da imagem e suas transformações na História da humanidade. Passa pelo mundo egípcio, pela arte grega, pela Roma Antiga, Idade Média, Renascimento e chega até os meados deste século, mostrando como as imagens e as representações artísticas estão inseridas no contexto socioeconômico-cultural de uma época e são produto dele.The author carries out a brief historical retrospect on the presence of the image and on its transformation throughout the history of humanity. He goes through the Egyptian world, Greek art, ancient Rome, though the Middle Ages, Renascence, and reaches the middle of this century, showing how images and artistic representations are inserted and are a product of a period's socioeconomic and cultural context

POTENSI REPELENT ESKTRAK ETANOL DAUN CENGKEH TERHADAP NYAMUK Anopheles sp.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi daya tolak ekstrak daun cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum L.) terhadap nyamuk Anopheles sp. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL). Hasil yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) kemudian dilanjutkan Uji Duncan pada taraf nyata α=0,05 menggunakan perangkat lunak SAS. Sampel berjumlah 18 ekor tikus,yang dibagi menjadi 7 kelompok. Masing-masing kelompok diberikan seduhan daun cengkeh dengan konsentrasi 0,50%, konsentrasi 1%, konsentrasi 2%, konsentrasi 4%, konsentrasi 8%, dan kelompok kontrol. Sampel diadaptasikan selama seminggu, kemudian diberi perlakuan selama 24 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya efek daya tolak ekstrak daun cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum L.) pada nyamuk Anopheles sp. yang diolesi pada badan tikus Rattus norvegicus, dimana konsentrasi yang efektif yaitu 1%, 2%, 4%, dan 8%, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ekstrak etanol daun cengkeh memiliki potensi repellent terhadap nyamuk Anopheles sp. dimana semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun cengkeh yang diberikan maka semakin besar daya tolaknya terhadap nyamuk. Pemberian ekstrak etanol daun cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum L.) memiliki kemampuan yang sama dengan autan yang berpengaruh sebagai daya tolak nyamuk Anopheles sp. dimana dosis efektif adalah konsentrasi 1%, sedangkan konsentrasi 8% merupakan dosis kuat dalam proteksi gangguan nyamuk Anopheles sp

Imunopatologia da esquistossomose mansônica humana: II. Atividade NK e estimulação por antígeno específico

Sixteen S. mansoni infected and untreated patients (5 with recent infection and 11 with chronic disease) were evaluated for their in vitro natural killer (NK) activity against the NK sensitive target K562 cell line. NK levels in 9 out of 11 patients (82%) with chronic disease were significantly lower (mean = 15 ± 6%),compared with patients recently infected (mean = 41 ± 9% p < 0.001) and with the control group (mean = 38 ± 13% p < 0.001). However, both patients and controls NK activity was stimulated by soluble adult worm antigens (SAWA), indicating that NK function even in the chronic stage of the infection is able to respond to the parasite antigens. These results suggest the possibility of NK cell participation as effector mechanism against S. mansoni.Dezesseis doentes infectados e não tratados com S. mansoni (5 com infecção recente e 11 com doença crônica), foram submetidos à avaliação de atividade de células exterminadoras na turais (NK) "in vitro" frente a células alvo de linhagem K562. Os níveis de atividade das céluIas NK em 9 de 11 doentes (827r) com a infecção crônica foram significativamente menores (média = 15 ± 6%) quando comparados aos pacientes com infecção recente (média =41 ± 9%, p < 0,001) e aos indivíduos do grupo controle (média = 38 ± 13%, p < 0,001). Porém, tanto nos doentes como nos controles, a atividade de céluIas NK foi estimulada pelo antígeno solúvel do parasito adulto (SAWA), indicando que as céluIas NK, mesmo na fase crônica da infecção, têm capacidade de responder ao antígeno dos parasitos. Estes resultados sugerem a possível participação das células NK no mecanismo efetor de defesa contra o S. mansoni

Imunopatologia da esquistossomose mansônica humana: I. Influências imunorregulatórias sobre a função T

A resposta imune celular foi estudada em pacientes com infecção recente ou crônica por Schistosoma mansoni. Células mononucleares do sangue periférico pré cultivadas reagiram significantemente a antígenos do verme adulto (SAWA) do S. mansoni quando comparadas à preparação contendo células frescas. A adição de soro autólogo às células pré-cultivadas resultou em inibição da reação frente a SAWA ou antígenos de memória; o mesmo efeito foi notado quando os soros de pacientes foram adicionados a culturas de células alogênicas obtidas de indivíduos normais. A subpopulação CD4 foi a principal população celular respondedora a SAWA, sendo que esta reatividade foi intensamente suprimida na presença de preparações purificadas contendo monócitos-macrófagos. Estes resultados sugerem a ação de fatores inibidores, tanto humorais como celulares, sobre a resposta imune celular específica ao S. mansoni.Cell mediated immune response was studied in patients with recent and chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection. Precultured peripheral mononuclear cells showed significantly higher responses to S. mansoni adult worm antigen (SAWA) when compared to fresh cell preparations. The addition of each patient serum to the precultured cells reactions to SAWA or recall antigens demonstrated a strong inhibitory serum action, which was also noted on allogeneic cells derived from healthy subjects. The CD4 subset was the main responding cell to SAWA being this reactivity highly suppressed by the presence of the monocyte macrophage accessory cells. We stressed the simultaneous inhibitory action of humoral and cellular factors on the specific cell response to S. mansoni

Caracterización de los recuentos totales y diferenciales de leucocitos en vacas nodrizas de raza Parda de Montaña y Pirenaica durante el periodo peri-implantacional. (Póster)

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Evidence of suppression of onchocerciasis transmission in the Venezuelan Amazonian focus.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) has set goals for onchocerciasis elimination in Latin America by 2015. Most of the six previously endemic countries are attaining this goal by implementing twice a year (and in some foci, quarterly) mass ivermectin (Mectizan®) distribution. Elimination of transmission has been verified in Colombia, Ecuador and Mexico. Challenges remain in the Amazonian focus straddling Venezuela and Brazil, where the disease affects the hard-to-reach Yanomami indigenous population. We provide evidence of suppression of Onchocerca volvulus transmission by Simulium guianense s.l. in 16 previously hyperendemic Yanomami communities in southern Venezuela after 15 years of 6-monthly and 5 years of 3-monthly mass ivermectin treatment. METHODS: Baseline and monitoring and evaluation parasitological, ophthalmological, entomological and serological surveys were conducted in selected sentinel and extra-sentinel communities of the focus throughout the implementation of the programme. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2012–2015, clinico-parasitological surveys indicate a substantial decrease in skin microfilarial prevalence and intensity of infection; accompanied by no evidence (or very low prevalence and intensity) of ocular microfilariae in the examined population. Of a total of 51,341 S. guianense flies tested by PCR none had L3 infection (heads only). Prevalence of infective flies and seasonal transmission potentials in 2012–2013 were, respectively, under 1 % and 20 L3/person/transmission season. Serology in children aged 1–10 years demonstrated that although 26 out of 396 (7 %) individuals still had Ov-16 antibodies, only 4/218 (2 %) seropositives were aged 1–5 years. CONCLUSIONS: We report evidence of recent transmission and morbidity suppression in some communities of the focus representing 75 % of the Yanomami population and 70 % of all known communities. We conclude that onchocerciasis transmission could be feasibly interrupted in the Venezuelan Amazonian focus. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1313-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users