Edema Induced by sPLA2 from <em>Crotalus durissus terrificus</em> Involves PLC and PKC Signaling, Activation of cPLA2, and Oxidative Stress

sPLA2 from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, free of crotapotin (Cdt sPLA2), purified and isolated sPLA2, was able to significantly increase lipid peroxidation, which occurred simultaneously with increased arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. In addition, MDA and AA levels were elevated at 15 min after Cdt sPLA2 injection and after peak edema (negative control). Thus, oxidative stress and ROS play important roles in the inflammation induced by Cdt sPLA2. On the other hand, edema induced by sPLA2 involves the direct and indirect mobilization of arachidonic acid by the involvement of phosphokinase C (PKC) and phospholipase C (PLC), which indirectly stimulates cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2). We also observed that the specific antivenin against Cdt venom had no significant effect on the neutralization of induced edema compared to the natural products 5-caffeine-linoleic acid (5CQA) and dexamethasone (AACOCF3). Our results also indicate that there was improvement in the inhibition of edema of natural polyphenolic compounds compared to antivenin or inhibition of the enzymatic activity of sPLA2 due to the fact that 5CQA is a potent antioxidant compound. Thus, our results show a clear correlation between increased arachidonic acid metabolism and oxidative stress

Ion concentration adjacent to glass-ionomer restorations in primary molars

Item does not contain fulltextOBJECTIVES: The aim was to compare the levels of fluoride, calcium and phosphorus in enamel and dentin alongside glass-ionomer-based restorations over time. METHODS: This CCT consisted of children with cavities in the occlusal surface of primary molars that were restored with either a high-viscosity (Fuji IX GP((R))) or a resin-modified glass-ionomer (Vitremer((R))), being the test groups. Sound teeth (controls) were harvested from the children belonging to the test groups. Sampled teeth were cut in half and the ion concentration measured using EPMA. ANOVAs, and Newman-Keuls tests were performed to analyze the data. The study sample consisted of 35 children having 29 teeth per group available for analyses. RESULTS: Although statistically significantly higher, the mean ion-concentration of calcium in enamel and dentin, and that of phosphorous in dentin hardly differed between the tests and control groups. The mean fluoride concentration in enamel (0.20ppmx10(3) and 0.24ppmx10(3)) and dentin (0.71ppmx10(3) and 0.78ppmx10(3)) surrounding the Fuji IX GP((R)) and Vitremer((R)) restored teeth, respectively was statistically significantly higher than in enamel (0.12ppmx10(3)) and dentin (0.12ppmx10(3)) for the control teeth. SIGNIFICANCE: The present in vivo investigation showed that fluoride ions are released from high-viscosity and resin-modified glass-ionomer primary restoration into the restorations' surrounding enamel and, and in particular, dentin

The strict liability principle in antidoping rules and the human rights of athletes: an approach critical

Back Ground: the human lives in search of overrun at all levels, whether professional, emotional or in their interpersonal relationships. In the middle of sports this search becomes more visible, because hundredths of seconds can make the difference between the podium and the failure. Journals at any moment announces a new case of a positive doping in several sports. Objective: analyse the processes judged for doping in the STJD of the Brazilian athletism and verify if the pronounced sentences are in accordance with the Brazilian Constitution and with the Universal Declaration of the Human Rights. Materials and Methods: 18 cases were reviewed by the use of prohibited substance, between the years 2003 to 2006 by the STJD of Athletism. Results: of the 18 cases examined only 3 were acquitted by the STJD, however, these three, two have met suspension for two years, in order that WADA, not satisfied with the results asked the International Federation (IAAF) to analyze them, and after guided them to the Court of Arbitration Sports (CAS). Conclusion: the rule of objective responsibility are not in accordance with the Brazilian Constitution and with the Universal Declaration of the Human Rights, leading athletes to respond irrespective proven their guilt

Effects of bradykinin B2 receptor ablation from tyrosine hydroxylase cells on behavioral and motor aspects in male and female mice

The kallikrein–kinin system is a versatile regulatory network implicated in various biological processes encompassing inflammation, nociception, blood pressure control, and central nervous system functions. Its physiological impact is mediated through G-protein-coupled transmembrane receptors, specifically the B1 and B2 receptors. Dopamine, a key catecholamine neurotransmitter widely distributed in the CNS, plays a crucial role in diverse physiological functions including motricity, reward, anxiety, fear, feeding, sleep, and arousal. Notably, the potential physical interaction between bradykinin and dopaminergic receptors has been previously documented. In this study, we aimed to explore whether B2R modulation in catecholaminergic neurons influences the dopaminergic pathway, impacting behavioral, metabolic, and motor aspects in both male and female mice. B2R ablation in tyrosine hydroxylase cells reduced the body weight and lean mass without affecting body adiposity, substrate oxidation, locomotor activity, glucose tolerance, or insulin sensitivity in mice. Moreover, a B2R deficiency in TH cells did not alter anxiety levels, exercise performance, or motor coordination in female and male mice. The concentrations of monoamines and their metabolites in the substantia nigra and cortex region were not affected in knockout mice. In essence, B2R deletion in TH cells selectively influenced the body weight and composition, leaving the behavioral and motor aspects largely unaffected