368 research outputs found
Generalized Analysis of Elastic Wave Dispersion Asymmetries in Moving Periodic Media
This work presents a generalized physical interpretation of unconventional
dispersion asymmetries associated moving elastic solids. By shifting the notion
from systems with time-variant material fields to physically traveling
materials, the newly adopted paradigm provides an eloquent take on the
dispersion problem and, in the process, highlights discrepancies between both
schemes. Equations governing the motion of an elastic rod with a prescribed
moving velocity observed from a stationary reference frame are used to predict
propagation patterns and asymmetries in wave velocities induced as a result of
the induced linear momentum bias. Three distinct scenarios corresponding to a
moving rod with a constant modulus, a spatially varying one, and one that
varies in space and time are presented. These cases are utilized to extract and
interpret correlations pertaining to directional velocities, dispersion
patterns, as well as nature of band gaps between moving periodic media and
their stationary counterparts with time-traveling material properties. A linear
vertical shear transformation is derived and utilized to thoroughly neutralize
the effect of the moving velocity on the resultant dispersion characteristics.
Finally, dispersion contours associated with the transient response of a finite
moving medium are used to validate the entirety of the presented framework
Reconciliation as a means of resolving autonomous administrative disputes
ุงูุตูุญ ูู ุนูุฏ ูููู ุจู
ูุฌุจู ุนุงูุฏุงู ูุฒุงุนูุง ูุงุฆู
ูุง ุฃู ู
ุญุชู
ููุง ุนู ุทุฑูู ุชูุฏูู
ุงูุชูุงุฒูุงุช ุงูู
ุชุจุงุฏูุฉุ ููุฐุง ุงูุชุนุฑูู ุงูู
ุฏูู ููุตูุญ ุฃูุฑู ุงูููู ูุนูุฏ ุงูุตูุญ ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑูุ ูููุนุฏ ุนูุฏ ุงูุตูุญ ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑู ุถุฑูุฑูููุง ูุญู ุงูู
ูุงุฒุนุงุช ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑูุฉุ ูุธุฑูุง ูู
ุง ูุชุณู
ุจู ุงูุตูุญ ู
ู ุณุฑุนุฉ ูู ุญู ุงูู
ูุงุฒุนุงุชุ ููุฃูู ูุคุฏู ุฅูู ุชุญุณูู ุงูุนูุงูุฉ ุจูู ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ูุงูู
ูุงุทูููุ ููููุฑ ูู ุงููููุงุช ุงูุนุงู
ุฉ. ูููุตูุญ ุฃููุงุน ู
ุชุนุฏุฏุฉุ ููุฏ ูููู ุงูุตูุญ ุตุฑูุญูุงุ ููุฏ ูููู ุงูุตูุญ ุถู
ููููุงุ ููุฏ ูููู ุงูุตูุญ ุณุงุจููุง ุนูู ุงูุฏุนูู ุฃู ู
ุนุงุตุฑูุง ููุง ุฃู ูุงุญููุง ุนูููุง. ููุชู
ูุฒ ุงูุตูุญ ุนู ุงูู
ูุงููู
ุงูุฅุฌุฑุงุฆูุฉ ุงูุฃุฎุฑู ูู ุญู ุงูู
ูุงุฒุนุงุช )ุงูุชุฑู ูุงูุชูุงุฒู ูุงููุจูู ูุงูุฎุจุฑุฉ(ุ ูุฐูู ูุฃูู ุชุตุฑู ุชุนุงูุฏู ูููู ุฃู ูุชููู ูุฒุงุนูุง ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงูุชูุงุฒูุงุช ุงูู
ุชุจุงุฏูุฉุ ูู
ุง ุฃู ููุงู ุนูุงูุฉ ูุงุถุญุฉ ุจูู ุงูุตูุญ ูุบูุฑู ู
ู ุงููุณุงุฆู ุงูุจุฏููุฉ ูู ุญู ุงูู
ูุงุฒุนุงุช )ุงูุชูููู ูุงูุชุธูู
ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑู(ุ ุญูุซ ุฅู ุฅุจุฑุงู
ุนูุฏ ุงูุตูุญ ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑู ูููู ุบุงูุจูุง ูุชูุฌุฉ ุงูุฃุฎุฐ ุจูุงุชูู ุงููุณููุชูู. ุฃู
ุง ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููุทุจูุนุฉ ุงููุงููููุฉ ููุตูุญ ุงูู
ุจุฑู
ู
ู ูุจู ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุนุงู
ุฉุ ูุฅู ูุฐุง ุงูุตูุญ ููุนุฏ ุนูุฏูุง ู
ุง ุฏุงู
ุฃุจุฑู
ูู ู
ุฌุงู ุงูุญููู ุงูุฐุงุชูุฉุ ูููุงู ุฎูุงู ูููู ููุถุงุฆู ุญูู ุทุจูุนุชู ุงูุนูุฏูุฉ ุฅุฐุง ุชู
ุฅุจุฑุงู
ู ูู ู
ุฌุงู ุงูุญููู ุงูู
ูุถูุนูุฉุ ูููุนุฏ ุงูุตูุญ ุงูู
ุจุฑู
ู
ู ูุจู ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุงุนุชุจุงุฑูุฉ ุงูุนุงู
ุฉ ุนูุฏูุง ุฅุฏุงุฑูููุงุ ุฅุฐุง ูุงูุช ุงูู
ูุงุฒุนุฉ ู
ุญู ุงูุตูุญ ู
ู
ุง ูุฏุฎู ุฃุณุงุณูุง ูู ุงุฎุชุตุงุต ุงููุถุงุก ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑูุ ูููู ุฅุฐุง ุชู
ุชูููู ุงูุตูุญ ูุนูุฏ ุฅุฏุงุฑูุ ูุฅูู ููุนุฏ ู
ู ูุจูู ุงูุนููุฏ ุงูุชู ูุง ูู
ูู ููุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุฃู ุชุนู
ู ูู ู
ุนุฑุถ ุชูููุฐูุง ุณูุทุงุชูุง ุงูู
ุนุฑููุฉ ูู ุฅุทุงุฑ ุงูุนููุฏ ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑูุฉุ ูุฐูู ูู ุณุจูู ุงูู
ุญุงูุธุฉ ุนูู ุงูุฃู
ู ุงููุงูููู ูู
ุซู ูุฐุง ุงููู
ุท ู
ู ุงูุนููุฏ.Reconciliation is a contract by which parties can settle a dispute or a potential dispute by reaching mutual concessions. Although this definition of the reconciliation contract applies to the field of civil law, this concept of the reconciliation has been incorporated into administrative law jurisprudence. The administrative reconciliation contract is an important means to resolve administrative disputes as it offers a quick resolution for disputes. In addition, it improves the relationship between the administration and the citizens and provides savings in public expenditure. This contract of reconciliation is of several types. It can be an explicit contract or may be implicitly implied. On the other hand, reconciliation may take place before the lawsuit is filed, while the lawsuit is being considered, or after a judicial decision is reached. The contract of reconciliation is characterized by several procedural features that make it distinguished from other procedural concepts in dispute resolution mechanisms (such as abandonment, waiver, acceptance and giving expertise). This is because it is a contractual act that terminates or prevents a dispute through mutual concessions. There is also a clear connection between reconciliation and other alternative means of dispute resolution (administrative conciliation and petition) since reaching a conclusion of the contract of administrative reconciliation is often the result of taking one of these two means. As for the legal nature of the reconciliation concluded by public persons, it is rendered as a contract in the field of self-right. There is a dispute over its contractual nature both jurisprudentially and judicially if it is concluded in the field of substantive rights. The reconciliation concluded by the public legal persons is considered as an administrative contract if the dispute โ that the reconciliation is seeking to endโ is essentially within the jurisdiction of the administrative courts. However, in this case, where the reconciliation is considered as an administrative contract, it falls within the category of contracts that the administration does not have the usual contracting and implementation powers known under the general administrative contracts rules. The rational of this approach is to maintain the legal security of such type of contracts
In rem administrative rights: A comparative study
ุฅู ุงููุงุนุฏุฉ ุงูู
ุณุชูุฑุฉ ูู ุงูุฏูู ุงูุนุฑุจูุฉ ููุฑูุณุง ุฃูู ูุง ูุฌูุฒ ุงูุชุตุฑู ุจุงูู
ุงู ุงูุนุงู
ุจุฃู ุดูู ูุงูุ ูู
ู ุซูู
ุชูุน ุจุงุทูุฉ ูู ุงูุญููู ุงูุนูููุฉ ุงูุชู ูู
ูู ุฃู ุชุซูู ุงูุฃู
ูุงู ุงูุนุงู
ุฉ. ุฅูุง ุฃู ูุฐุง ุงูุญุธุฑ ุจุฏุฃ ูุฒูู ูู ูุฑูุณุง ูู ุงูุณููุงุช ุงูุฃุฎูุฑุฉุ ุญูุซ ุชุจูู ููู
ุดุฑุน ุฃูู ูุงุจุฏ ู
ู ูุถุน ุงูู
ุงู ุงูุนุงู
ุงูุนูุงุฑู ุฎุตูุตูุง ู
ูุถุน ุงูุงุณุชุซู
ุงุฑ ูุงูุชูู
ูุฉุ ูุฐูู ูุง ูููู ุฅูุง ุจุชูููุฉ ุงูู
ุฑูุฒ ุงููุงูููู ูุดุงุบูู ุงูู
ุงู ุงูุนุงู
ุ ููู ู
ุง ุงูุชุถู ุงูุงุนุชุฑุงู ูุดุบุงูู ุงูู
ุงู ุงูุนุงู
ุจุญููู ุนูููุฉ ุนูู ุงูู
ุงู ุงูุนุงู
ูู ุณุจูู ุงุณุชูุฑุงุฑ ุงูุนูุงูุงุช ุงููุงููููุฉ ุงูุชู ููุชุถููุง ุงูุงุณุชุซู
ุงุฑ ุนูู ุงูู
ุงู ุงูุนุงู
ุ ููููุณุฑ ุจุฐูู ุญุธุฑ ุชุงุฑูุฎู ุชูููุฏู ุณูุทุฑ ูู ูุฑูุณุง ูู
ุฏุฉ ุทูููุฉ ุฌุฏูุง. ูุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ูุฐูู ููุงุจุฏ ู
ู ู
ูุงุญุธุฉ ุฃู ููุงู ุญููู ุนููููู ูุฏ ุชู
ุงูุงุนุชุฑุงู ุจูู
ุง ูู ูุฑูุณุงุ ููู
ุง ุญูุงู ุนูููุงู ุฅุฏุงุฑูุงู ูุชู
ูุฒุงู ุนู ุงูุญููู ุงูุนูููุฉ ูู
ุง ูุนุฑููุง ุงููุงููู ุงูู
ุฏููุ ูุฐูู ูุฃู ุงููุธุงู
ุงููุงูููู ููุฐู ุงูุญููู ุงูุนูููุฉ ู
ุฎุชูู ุนู ุงููุธุงู
ุงููุงูููู ููุญููู ุงูุนูููุฉ ุงูู
ุฏููุฉุ ููู ูุธุงู
ูุงูููู ุงูุชุถุชู ุงูุทุจูุนุฉ ุงููุงููููุฉ ููู
ุงู ุงูุนุงู
ุงูู
ุญููู
ุฏูู
ูุง ุจููุงุนุฏ ูุงููููุฉ ุชุฑุงุนู ุถุฑูุฑุงุช ุชุฎุตูุตู ููู
ููุนุฉ ุงูุนุงู
ุฉ. ููุฏ ุงุนุชุฑู ุงูู
ุดุฑุน ุงููุฑูุณู ุจุญู ู
ูููุฉ ุฐู ุทุจูุนุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ ููุบูุฑ ุนูู ุงูู
ุงู ุงูุนุงู
ุ ูู
ุง ุฃุฌุงุฒ ุฅู
ูุงููุฉ ุฅุจุฑุงู
ุฅุฌุงุฑุฉ ุญูุฑูุฉ ุนูู ุงูุฃู
ูุงู ุงูุนุงู
ุฉ ุงูุนุงุฆุฏุฉ ููุฌู
ุงุนุงุช ุงูู
ุญููุฉ ูุงูู
ุคุณุณุงุช ุงูุนุงู
ุฉ ุงูุชุงุจุนุฉ ููุง. ููุฏ ุฃุฎุถุน ุงูู
ุดุฑูุน ููุงู ู
ู ูุฐูู ุงูุญููู ุฅูู ูุธุงู
ูุงูููู ุฏููู ููุงุฒู ุจูู ุญููู ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ูู ุงูู
ุญุงูุธุฉ ุนูู ุชุฎุตูุต ุงูู
ุงู ููููุน ุงูุนุงู
ู
ู ุฌูุฉุ ูุญู ุงูู
ุชุนุงูุฏ ูู ู
ุฑูุฒ ูุงูููู ู
ุณุชูุฑ ูุณุงุนุฏู ุนูู ุฅูุฌุงุฒ ุงูุงุณุชุซู
ุงุฑ ุนูู ุงูู
ุงู ุงูุนุงู
ู
ู ุฌูุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู. ูุจุงูู
ูุงุจู ูููุงุญุธ ุฃู ุงููุงููู ุงููุทุฑู ูุฏ ุฃูุฑ ุงูุญููู ุงูุนูููุฉ ุนูู ุงูุฃู
ูุงู ุงูุนุงู
ุฉ ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงููุงููู 10 ูุณูุฉ 1987 ุ ุฅูุง ุฃูู ูู
ูุญุฏุฏ ู
ุถู
ูููุง ูุงูููููุง ูุงุถุญูุง ููุฐู ุงูุญูููุ ุฃู
ุง ุงูู
ุดุฑูุน ุงูุณูุฑู ููู
ูุนุฑูู ููุฑุฉ ุงูุญููู ุงูุนูููุฉ ุนูู ุงูุฃู
ูุงู ุงูุนุงู
ุฉ ุฅูุง ุจุดูู ุถูู ุฌุฏูุง ูุงุณุชุซูุงุฆูThe common rule in Arab countries and France is that public funds may not be handled in any way, therefore, all in rem rights that could pertain to public funds become void. However, this prohibition has begun to fade in France in recent years. Legislators have realized that public funds, real estate funds in particular, must be utilized in investment and development. This would only occur by strengthening the legal status of those who handle public funds, which requires that the in rem rights of those handlers be recognized in order to stabilize the legal relations needed to pursue the investment of public funds. This would break the traditional historical prohibition that has prevailed in France for a very long time. If this is the case, it must be noted that there are two in rem rights that have been recognized in France. These are in rem administrative rights that are distinct from in rem rights as defined by civil law. The legal system for civil in rem rights differs from that for in rem administrative rights, which is a legal system shaped by the legal nature of public funds that is always subject to legal rules that takes into account the necessity for these funds to be allocated for the public good. The French legislature has recognized a special right of ownership of others over public funds. It has also permitted the possibility of drawing up an exclusive lease on public funds belonging to local associations and their affiliated public corporations. The legislature has made these two rights subject to a meticulous legal system that balances the rights of management to maintain fund allocations for the public good with the right of the contractor to hold a stable legal status that enables it to pursue the investment of public funds. Conversely, Qatari law guarantees in rem rights on public funds through Law No 10 of 1987, but does not specify any clear legal context for these rights. Moreover, the Syrian legislature does not recognize the idea of in rem rights on public funds except in a very limited and extraordinary scop
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