The cost of event-based prospective memory in children

Prospective memory is remembering to perform an action in the future when a cue is presented. However, processes involved in remembering the future intention (i.e., preparatory attentional processes) might hinder performance on activities leading up to and surrounding the event in which an intention must be carried out. The current study was designed to assess whether young children who engage in prospective memory do so at a cost to current cognitive processing. Four-, 5-, and 6-year old children either performed a simple ongoing selection task only (control condition) or performed the selection task with an embedded prospective memory task (experimental condition). Results demonstrated that children in the experimental condition slowed down in phase two due relative to children in the control condition. The results are discussed in terms of the development of executive functioning and more specifically, how working memory and speed of processing my play a role in the cost imposed to an ongoing task by a prospective memory task

Growth of a Teacher Garden: A Research Evaluation Study of the Creative Options Partnership in Education (COPE)

This qualitative single case study examined a school-university partnership program known as the Creative Options Partnership in Education (COPE). The purpose of the study was to understand the emergent qualities of the partnership during its initial five years. Data, collected through individual interviews with partnership leaders, a focus group interview with stakeholder representatives, and program records, were analyzed to identify emerging themes. The qualitative data yielded five themes, which the study described and examined in relation to the PDS Impact Assessment Model and CIPP evaluation model. The identified themes were (a) connections that enhance practice, (b) relationships and bonding, (c) communication, (d) benefits for partner school children, as well as (e) funding and resource issues. Findings indicated that partnership concerns about communication and resources did not prevent meaningful relationships from developing between and among the stakeholders groups, nor did such concerns prevent the identification of benefits to the children at the partner school. The findings suggest that stakeholder beliefs about the quality of their collaborative relationships (input) and their interpretations of how children are benefiting, relate to their assessment of the effectiveness of practices (process) and desired outcomes (product) of the PDS program. Stakeholder judgments regarding the overall impact of the PDS program, particularly the organizational innovations (context) and adaptions in roles and structures (input) brought on during the initial period of PDS development (context), also show connections to these beliefs

Women's basketball rule infringements in seasonal and national tournament play

The purpose of the study was to investigate the types and frequency of basketball rule infringements that occurred at the college level during the 1971-72 competitive season and the First DGWS National Intercollegiate Basketball Championship. A checklist was prepared to record and identify rule infringements as they occurred during the game. One hundred ten games from eighteen colleges and universities were charted throughout their 1971-72 season. Statisticians from these colleges recorded all rule infringements called by nationally rated officials during the games. Ten games at the First DGWS National Intercollegiate Basketball Championship were also charted making a total of 103 teams participating in the study. The data were analyzed as to frequency of basketball rule infringements occurring during regular season and national tournament play in relation to quarters and point spread. During regular season play, there was an average of 9.31 violations and 8.01 fouls occurring per quarter, yielding a mean of 69.29 infringements called during an entire game. During the First DGWS National Intercollegiate Basketball Championship means of 5.38 violations and 7.90 fouls occurred per quarter averaging 53.10 infringements occurring during an entire game

An evaluation of selected components of the mobile meals program in Greensboro, North Carolina

The purpose of this study was to construct a profile of the Mobile Meals recipients, to obtain an evaluation of the service and organization of Mobile Meals from the volunteers, to determine the general satisfaction and quality of service from recipients, and to evaluate the cycle menu. Demographic data were collected from the Mobile Meals office, the Greensboro Planning and Community Development Department, the United States 1970 Census, and from observations made by the researcher. Data were collected from volunteers and recipients using two instruments developed by the researcher. A questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 250 volunteers. Personal interviews were conducted with a random sample of thirty-eight recipients. The Mobile Meals menu cycle was evaluated according to the criteria established by the Program Plan and by using basic principles of good nutrition, Results indicated that 88 percent of the Mobile Meals recipients were sixty years of age or older, 68 percent were female and 32 percent were male. The Greensboro population was 54 percent female and 46 percent male. Of those recipients interviewed, 5 5 percent were white and 45 percent were black. Data on the Greensboro population indicated that 71 percent were white and 29 percent were black

A comparison of baked custards made with sweet acidophilus lowfat milk and other lowfat milk

"Sweet Acidophilus Lowfat Milk" is a cold lowfat milk product to which Lactobacillus acidophilus has been added. Taste tests have indicated that consumers find this milk an acceptable product. Much of the research pertaining to the milk has been conducted in the field of medicine. Due to the effects of high heat on the viable organism, little work has been conducted using Sweet Acidophilus Lowfat Milk in food preparation. The purpose of this study was to determine if baked custards made with Sweet Acidophilus milk were considered acceptable when compared to baked custards made with other lowfat milk. Ten summer school students and staff members selected from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro were used as judges. Each panel member evaluated four custards made from four different milks on each of five afternoons during a period of two weeks. Milks used were Acidophilus Lowfat. Nonfat Dry, Light n' Lively, and Evaporated Skimmed milks. A Likert-type acceptability scale was used for scoring appearance, flavor, and overall acceptability of custards made from each type of milk. Chi square analysis was used to determine if a difference existed between samples evaluated by the panel members. Objective tests were analyzed by the one way analysis of variance to determine if there was a significant difference between the samples

An Analysis of the Economic Effects of the Divestiture of American Telephone and Telegraph in Cumberland County

The out-of-court consent agreement to divest AT&T has become a sensitive issue for the consumer as well as for the employees of the Bell System. All rental phones remained the property of AT&T and are no longer the responsibility of local phone companies. Rends will be paid to AT&T, while the actual phone bill is paid to the local companies. This presents a confusing situation for the consumer. AT&T has also continued to advertise the fact that the changes will result in lower long distance rates. Local service charges, however, are expected to skyrocket. Also, competition for the long distance services will be fierce, as rivals such as HCI, OTE's SPIRIT, and ITT's City Call attempt to gain market share. This thesis will examine both the reasons behind the break-up of AT&T and its impact on long distance and local rates for the average residential consumer in Cumberland County

Development as transcendence an examination of a phenomenological perspective of how individuals and their movement change over time

The purpose of this study was to propose a view of how individuals and their movement change over time through a perspective that views development as Transcendence. This perspective and its ideological framework enlarged upon the progressive view of development as stages or sequences. The study was conducted through an interpretive inquiry of philosophical and curricular readings. The study first examined how each perspective, the transcendental and progressive, reflected the essential nature of time and change. It then explored how each perspective utilized time and change in terms of their respective thinking processes and curricular applications. The view of development as Transcendence offered an all-encompassing vantage point since, in addition to the characteristics of the progressive perspective, movement was viewed as developing in a personally defined/subjective, spiritual/mystical, experiential, and creative/liberal manner

Ambivalence as a potential mediator of associations between the acculturation gap and Mexican American adolescents’ well-being

The goal of this study is to explore the relationship between a parent-child acculturation gap and both depression and self-esteem in adolescent children of Mexican immigrant parents. Using linear regression models, I tested the impact of the acculturation gap on adolescent self-esteem, then on adolescent depression. Next, I used a mediation analysis to test the indirect impact of the acculturation gap on self-esteem and depression through intergenerational conflict. Further, I used a mediation analysis to test the effect of the acculturation gap on both self-esteem and depression through conflict and family cohesion simultaneously. Finally, I tested the same constructs in a moderated mediation analysis using the Griffen formula, which specifically measures relational ambivalence (the presence of both simultaneous positive and negative relationship characteristics). I then compared the results of all mediation analyses to determine which model accounted for the greatest variance in the two outcomes. Findings suggested that while the presence of intergenerational conflict significantly strengthened the impact of an intergenerational acculturation gap on depression, the addition of family cohesion-signaling ambivalence-was not more predictive of depression than conflict alone. On the other hand, results indicated that while conflict alone did not predict lower self-esteem in adolescents, the presence of ambivalence did have a significant negative impact on self-esteem

Expertise in unexpected places: Children’s acceptance of information from gender counter-stereotypical experts

The current study examined children’s willingness to accept novel information from expert informants with nontraditional gender role interests. Four- to 8-year-olds heard conflicting information about traditionally feminine or masculine domains from a gender counter-stereotypical expert (e.g., a boy with expertise in ballet) and a layperson of the other gender (e.g., a girl with little knowledge about ballet). Participants were asked which informant was correct, who they would prefer to learn from in the future, and to rate their liking of each informant. Overall, participants selected the gender counter-stereotypical expert as correct. Four- to 5-year-olds reported a preference to learn from same-gender participants in the future irrespective of expertise, whereas 6- to 8-year-olds reported wanting to learn from counter-stereotypical experts. Boys showed relatively greater acceptance of information from a male counter-stereotypical expert than from a female counter-stereotypical expert. Although participants reported greater liking of same-gender informants, liking evaluations were largely positive irrespective of gender norm deviations. Implications for children’s acceptance of gender nonconforming activities are discussed

Between writer and reader : the relationship of the concept of audience to the teaching of composition

Traditionally the term rhetoric has been applied to the education of speakers on public occasions. Modem rhetoric has been characterized by a shift from spoken to written discourse and another shift from emphasis on the rhetor to emphasis on the audience. The purpose of this study is two-fold: to synthesize the major contributions to the study of audience, assessing their usefulness in the teaching of composition, and to analyze rhetorical action by presenting a model which will illuminate the relationship between writer and reader. The heritage of the rhetorical concept of audience can be traced back to the Rhetoric of Aristotle. The analysis of audience found in the Rhetoric can be of great value to students and teachers of written discourse. Aristotle treats rhetoric as an art which can be systematized, and is therefore teachable. Although Aristotelian rhetoric can be useful, it also has limitations for twentieth-century studies