Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for suicidal behavior: A systematic review of associations at the individual and at the population level

-To provide an updated review of the magnitude of the relationship between alcohol use and suicidal behaviour at the individual and the population level. Systematic literature searches retrieved 14 reviews of individual level studies and 16 primary population level studies. Results: Alcohol abuse and alcohol intoxication are often present in suicidal behaviour; risk of suicide is elevated in alcohol abusers and increasing population drinking tends to be associated with increase in suicide rates. Estimated magnitude of the relationship differs for men and women and it varies at the population level across cultures with different drinking pattern. These variations probably reflect gender differences and cultural variation in drinking behaviour generally. Empirical evidence for a causal relationship is still urgently needed

Skader og problemer forbundet med bruk av alkohol, narkotika og tobakk

usmiddel- og tobakksbruk er forbundet med et bredt spekter av helseskader og sosiale problemer. Rapporten beskriver noen av de vanligste skadene og problemene knyttet til bruk/misbruk av de tre substansene alkohol, narkotika og tobakk. Vi har brukt ulike indikatorer – både basert på registerdata og data fra spørreundersøkelser – for å beskrive omfanget av rusmiddel- og tobakksrelaterte skader og problemer her i Norge. Vi kan likevel ikke gi et helt dekkende bilde. For bedre å kunne beskrive omfanget av de mange ulike skadene og problemene knyttet til bruk av forskjellige substanser, og å følge utviklingen på området over tid, er det behov for å arbeide videre med å utvikle gode indikatorer på utbredelsen. Vi ser nærmere på tre former for sosiale problemer (først og fremst knyttet til bruk av alkohol og narkotika): vold, barn som lider under foreldres rusmiddelmisbruk og negative konsekvenser for arbeidslivet. Felles for disse problemene er at de rammer andre enn dem som inntar substansene. I tillegg til å se de ulike substansene hver for seg, spør vi hvilke av de tre substansområdene alkohol, narkotika og tobakk som medfører størst belastning for samfunnet. De helsemessige konsekvensene kan blant annet uttrykkes i form av noen enkle mål som dødsfall og tap av friske leveår. Slike mål tyder på at tobakk står for en større andel av sykdomsbyrden i høyinntektsland (som Norge) enn det alkohol gjør, som igjen står for en større andel enn narkotika. Når det gjelder de sosiale konsekvensene, har vi vesentlig dårligere grunnlag for å sammenligne den relative betydningen av de ulike substansene. Det kan imidlertid se ut til at alkoholbruk utgjør en viktigere faktor i voldsutøvelse enn hva narkotikabruk gjør. Flere barn, partnere og andre nære pårørende vil, på grunn av større utbredelse, også rammes av alkoholmisbruk enn av narkotikamisbru

Associations between emotional distress and heavy drinking among young people: A longitudinal study

This study adds to the meagre body of longitudinal research on the link between emotional distress and alcohol use among young people. We address the following research questions: Are symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood likely to be causally related to heavy episodic drinking (HED)? Does the association change as individuals move from adolescence to early adulthood? Data stemmed from a national sample of young people in Norway that was assessed in 1992 (T1; mean age = 14.9 years), 1994 (T2), 1999 (T3) and 2005 (T4) (response rate: 60%, n = 2171). We applied fixed-effects modelling, implying that intra-individual changes in the frequency of HED were regressed on intra-individual changes in emotional distress. Hence, confounding due to stable underlying influences was eliminated. Self-perceived loneliness was included as a time-varying covariate. Emotional distress was unrelated to HED in adolescence (T1 to T2). In the transition from adolescence to early adulthood (T2 to T3), changes in depressiveness were positively and independently associated with changes in HED, whereas changes symptoms of anxiety were not. A similar pattern emerged in early adulthood (T3 to T4). The potential causal relationship between emotional distress and heavy drinking did not manifest itself in adolescence, but increased symptoms of depressiveness were related to more frequent HED in subsequent periods of life. Hence, this study provides conditional support to the notion that emotional distress and HED may be causally related and indicates that the association among young people may be specific to depressiveness

Associations between emotional distress and heavy drinking among young people: A longitudinal study

-This study adds to the meagre body of longitudinal research on the link between emotional distress and alcohol use among young people. We address the following research questions: Are symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood likely to be causally related to heavy episodic drinking (HED)? Does the association change as individuals move from adolescence to early adulthood? Data stemmed from a national sample of young people in Norway that was assessed in 1992 (T1; mean age = 14.9 years), 1994 (T2), 1999 (T3) and 2005 (T4) (response rate: 60%, n = 2171). We applied fixed-effects modelling, implying that intra-individual changes in the frequency of HED were regressed on intra-individual changes in emotional distress. Hence, confounding due to stable underlying influences was eliminated. Self-perceived loneliness was included as a time-varying covariate. Emotional distress was unrelated to HED in adolescence (T1 to T2). In the transition from adolescence to early adulthood (T2 to T3), changes in depressiveness were positively and independently associated with changes in HED, whereas changes symptoms of anxiety were not. A similar pattern emerged in early adulthood (T3 to T4). The potential causal relationship between emotional distress and heavy drinking did not manifest itself in adolescence, but increased symptoms of depressiveness were related to more frequent HED in subsequent periods of life. Hence, this study provides conditional support to the notion that emotional distress and HED may be causally related and indicates that the association among young people may be specific to depressiveness