COLA. III. Radio Detection of Active Galactic Nucleus in Compact Moderate Luminosity Infrared Galaxies

We present results from 4.8 GHz Very Large Array (VLA) and global very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of the northern half of the moderate FIR luminosity (median L_(IR) = 10^(11.01) L_☉) COLA sample of star-forming galaxies. VLBI sources are detected in a high fraction (20/90) of the galaxies observed. The radio luminosities of these cores (~10^(21) W Hz^(–1)) are too large to be explained by radio supernovae or supernova remnants and we argue that they are instead powered by active galactic nuclei (AGNs). These sub-parsec scale radio cores are preferentially detected toward galaxies whose VLA maps show bright 100-500 parsec scale nuclear radio components. Since these latter structures tightly follow the FIR to radio-continuum correlation for star formation, we conclude that the AGN-powered VLBI sources are associated with compact nuclear starburst environments. The implications for possible starburst-AGN connections are discussed. The detected VLBI sources have a relatively narrow range of radio luminosity consistent with models in which intense compact Eddington-limited starbursts regulate the gas supply onto a central supermassive black hole. The high incidence of AGN radio cores in compact starbursts suggests little or no delay between the starburst phase and the onset of AGN activity

Yoga in school-aged children: Impact on children's mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic – A protocol

The rapid spread of COVID-19 and the increasing burden on mental health and well- being require new ways of supporting families that have to maintain the new norms of social distancing. Many families may be under enormous amounts of stress and anxiety caused by losing their loved ones. Therefore, there is a great need to search for ways to minimize the effects of COVID-19 on mental health and well-being. The purpose of the research is to evaluate a yoga intervention offered online to school-aged children in the U.K. by Patanjali Yog Peeth Trust U.K. (PYPT) and evaluate its effectiveness by interviewing the parents of participating children. The project will seek to promote an additional tool in managing mental health and well-being in school-aged children. The research will use a mixed-methods approach. Parents will be approached by a PYPT yoga teacher and invited to complete an online survey and quantitative interview. Parents (over 18 years) of school-aged children (5-16 years) who live in the U.K. are eligible to take part. Upon gaining consent, participates will be asked to complete a parent and child characteristic questionnaire. An SDQ survey for parents via online Opinio and a subsample will be interviewed using a structured interview schedule. All analyses will be carried out in SPSS. It is intended that the research will provide an evidence base that will aid future studies and inform in developing yoga interventions that may aid in promoting child mental health and well-being. The study results will be published in peer-reviewed international journals; the researchers will also present the results at governmental conferences

Counterrotating Nuclear Disks in Arp 220

The ultraluminous infrared galaxy Arp 220 has been observed at 0.5" resolution in CO(2-1) and 1 mm continuum using the newly expanded Owens Valley Millimeter Array. The CO and continuum peaks at the double nuclei and the surrounding molecular gas disk are clearly resolved. We find steep velocity gradients across each nucleus (dV ~ 500 km/s within r= 0.3") whose directions are not aligned with each other and with that of the outer gas disk. We conclude that the double nuclei have their own gas disks (r ~ 100 pc). They are counterrotating with respect to each other and embedded in the outer gas disk (r ~ 1 kpc) rotating around the dynamical center of the system. The masses of each nucleus are M_dyn > 2* 10^9 M_sun based on the CO kinematics. Although there is no evidence of an old stellar population in the optical or near infrared spectroscopy of the nuclei (probably due to the much brighter young population), it seems likely that these nuclei were 'seeded' from the pre-merger nuclei in view of their counterrotating gas kinematics. The gas disks probably constitute a significant fraction (~ 50 %) of the mass in each nucleus. The CO and continuum brightness temperatures imply that the nuclear gas disks have high area filling factors (~ 0.5-1) and have extremely high visual extinctions (Av ~ 1000 mag). The molecular gas must be hot (>= 40 K) and dense (>= 10^4-5 cm^-3), given the large mass and small scale-height of the nuclear disks. The continuum data suggest that the large luminosity (be it starburst or AGN) must originate within 100 pc of the two nuclear gas disks which were presumably formed through concentration of gas from the progenitor outer galaxy disks.Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

Specifying who delivers behaviour change interventions: development of an Intervention Source Ontology [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

BACKGROUND: Identifying how behaviour change interventions are delivered, including by whom, is key to understanding intervention effectiveness. However, information about who delivers interventions is reported inconsistently in intervention evaluations, limiting communication and knowledge accumulation. This paper reports a method for consistent reporting: The Intervention Source Ontology. This forms one part of the Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology, which aims to cover all aspects of behaviour change interventions. METHODS: The Intervention Source Ontology was developed following methods for ontology development and maintenance used in the Human Behaviour-Change Project, with seven key steps: 1) define the scope of the ontology, 2) identify key entities and develop their preliminary definitions by reviewing existing classification systems (top-down) and reviewing 100 behaviour change intervention reports (bottom-up), 3) refine the ontology by piloting the preliminary ontology on 100 reports, 4) stakeholder review by 34 behavioural science and public health experts, 5) inter-rater reliability testing of annotating intervention reports using the ontology, 6) specify ontological relationships between entities and 7) disseminate and maintain the Intervention Source Ontology. RESULTS: The Intervention Source Ontology consists of 140 entities. Key areas of the ontology include Occupational Role of Source, Relatedness between Person Source and the Target Population, Sociodemographic attributes and Expertise. Inter-rater reliability was found to be 0.60 for those familiar with the ontology and 0.59 for those unfamiliar with it, levels of agreement considered ‘acceptable’. CONCLUSIONS: Information about who delivers behaviour change interventions can be reliably specified using the Intervention Source Ontology. For human-delivered interventions, the ontology can be used to classify source characteristics in existing behaviour change reports and enable clearer specification of intervention sources in reporting

A Sr-Rich Star on the Main Sequence of Omega Centauri

Abundance ratios relative to iron for carbon, nitrogen, strontium and barium are presented for a metal-rich main sequence star ([Fe/H]=--0.74) in the globular cluster omega Centauri. This star, designated 2015448, shows depleted carbon and solar nitrogen, but more interestingly, shows an enhanced abundance ratio of strontium [Sr/Fe] ~ 1.6 dex, while the barium abundance ratio is [Ba/Fe]<0.6 dex. At this metallicity one usually sees strontium and barium abundance ratios that are roughly equal. Possible formation scenarios of this peculiar object are considered.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures. Accepted to ApJ

Dynamics of thermoelastic thin plates: A comparison of four theories

Four distinct theories describing the flexural motion of thermoelastic thin plates are compared. The theories are due to Chadwick, Lagnese and Lions, Simmonds, and Norris. Chadwick's theory requires a 3D spatial equation for the temperature but is considered the most accurate as the others are derivable from it by different approximations. Attention is given to the damping of flexural waves. Analytical and quantitative comparisons indicate that the Lagnese and Lions model with a 2D temperature equation captures the essential features of the thermoelastic damping, but contains systematic inaccuracies. These are attributable to the approximation for the first moment of the temperature used in deriving the Lagnese and Lions equation. Simmonds' model with an explicit formula for temperature in terms of plate deflection is the simplest of all but is accurate only at low frequency, where the damping is linearly proportional to the frequency. It is shown that the Norris model, which is almost as simple as Simmond's, is as accurate as the more precise but involved theory of Chadwick.Comment: 2 figures, 1 tabl

An Elemental Assay of Very, Extremely, and Ultra Metal-Poor Stars

We present a high-resolution elemental-abundance analysis for a sample of 23 very metal-poor (VMP; [Fe/H] < -2.0) stars, 12 of which are extremely metal-poor (EMP; [Fe/H] < -3.0), and 4 of which are ultra metal-poor (UMP; [Fe/H] < -4.0). These stars were targeted to explore differences in the abundance ratios for elements that constrain the possible astrophysical sites of element production, including Li, C, N, O, the alpha-elements, the iron-peak elements, and a number of neutron-capture elements. This sample substantially increases the number of known carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) and nitrogen-enhanced metal-poor (NEMP) stars -- our program stars include eight that are considered "normal" metal-poor stars, six CEMP-no stars, five CEMP-s stars, two CEMP-r stars, and two CEMP-r/s stars. One of the CEMP-$r$ stars and one of the CEMP-r/s stars are possible NEMP stars. We detect lithium for three of the six CEMP-no stars, all of which are Li-depleted with respect to the Spite plateau. The majority of the CEMP stars have [C/N] > 0. The stars with [C/N] < 0 suggest a larger degree of mixing; the few CEMP-no stars that exhibit this signature are only found at [Fe/H] < -3.4, a metallicity below which we also find the CEMP-no stars with large enhancements in Na, Mg, and Al. We confirm the existence of two plateaus in the absolute carbon abundances of CEMP stars, as suggested by Spite et al. We also present evidence for a "floor" in the absolute Ba abundances of CEMP-no stars at A(Ba)~ -2.0.Comment: 20 pages, 16 figures, Accepted for publication in Ap

Density of near-extreme events

We provide a quantitative analysis of the phenomenon of crowding of near-extreme events by computing exactly the density of states (DOS) near the maximum of a set of independent and identically distributed random variables. We show that the mean DOS converges to three different limiting forms depending on whether the tail of the distribution of the random variables decays slower than, faster than, or as a pure exponential function. We argue that some of these results would remain valid even for certain {\em correlated} cases and verify it for power-law correlated stationary Gaussian sequences. Satisfactory agreement is found between the near-maximum crowding in the summer temperature reconstruction data of western Siberia and the theoretical prediction.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, revtex4. Minor corrections, references updated. This is slightly extended version of the Published one (Phys. Rev. Lett.