Removing Mud in the Clean Water Act: The Ninth Amendment as a Limiting Factor in Chevron Analysis

This Comment discusses the consolidated case Rapanos v. United States and the challenged scope of the Clean Water Act as an example ok where the Ninth Amendment should serve as a counter-balance to Chevron deference when agencies act against individual liberties without specific enabling statutory authority. The Comment examines historical evidence revealed and discussed in recent scholarship to establish the various legal views concerning the Ninth Amendment and the protection it was intended to provide. While some commentators see an expansive natural law Ninth Amendment, others see a mere rule of construction that cannot be used to reject a law as unconstitutional. However, this Comment finds common ground within all of the accepted legal views that give the Ninth Amendment any substance, even when these views collide in many other respects. This Comment asserts that any effective reading of the Ninth Amendment should find it protects individuals against expansive interpretations by federal agencies of vague statutes. As an example, this Comment asserts that the Supreme Court should employ Ninth Amendment reasoning to restrict the jurisdiction of the Army Corps of Engineers in Rapanos to include only those lands directly connected to navigable waters. This Comment makes no broad claims of Ninth Amendment protection for every activity not mentioned in the Constitution, nor does it make any attempt to establish what the outer contours of the Ninth Amendment should encompass. This theory threatens no floodgate of newly discovered rights, nor does this theory invalidate any federal law. However, it would remove some of Judge Bork\u27s perceived inkblot from the Ninth Amendment and thereby restore some substance to the Ninth Amendment that the Court has given to the rest of the Bill of Rights

Spatial Synthetic Cell-Free Biology

The U.S. has the biomass production potential to dramatically offset yearly petroleum consumption, but many efficiency barriers remain for developing enduring bioenergy sources. Synthetic biology allows researchers to redesign energy-relevant organisms to increase the efficiency and lower the cost of bioenergy technologies. However, developing complex gene circuit behavior in new organisms or networks can result in unexpected complications and off-target effects. Since cellular structure and scale can affect gene expression dynamics, understanding how gene expression operates within the physiological context of the cell becomes important for developing robust gene circuits. Gene expression occurs in a highly crowded and confined (from about 1 fL to several pL) environment. Macromolecules occupy 5-40% of the intracellular environment, effecting changes in molecular transport, association, and reaction rates associated with gene expression. Gene expression also exhibits “bursty” patterns of expression, characterized by episodic periods of high activity between periods of low activity. These bursting patterns are shaped not only by molecular mechanisms but also by the global availability of resources within the expression environment, both of which may be further modulated by physical effects, like crowding and confinement. Since manipulating the physical conditions surrounding gene expression can be difficult to achieve in cells, cell-free systems are used to directly probe gene expression reactions. In this work, gene expression reactions in cell-free systems are modified to mimic physiological levels of crowding and confinement, revealing information about the interplay between expression bursting, resource sharing, and spatial ordering in transcription and translation. These results explore how confined reactions alter bursting patterns and distribute limited expression resources, as well as how crowding-induced spatial inhomogeneities in transcription can affect bursting patterns in translation. The cell-free platform described here also demonstrates spatial organization of gene expression similar to that seen in cells, providing a useful technique for exploring the mechanisms of cellular self-organization in gene expression and developing spatial control over transcription and translation reactions

Mojave Winds

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Inner Realm Winds

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Junior Recital

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The Bible Teacher: A Training Course For Bible Teachers

https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/crs_books/1318/thumbnail.jp

Junior Recital

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Student Recital

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Morelli Quintet

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Junior Recital

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