Dynamics of Disks and Warps

This chapter reviews theoretical work on the stellar dynamics of galaxy disks. All the known collective global instabilities are identified, and their mechanisms described in terms of local wave mechanics. A detailed discussion of warps and other bending waves is also given. The structure of bars in galaxies, and their effect on galaxy evolution, is now reasonably well understood, but there is still no convincing explanation for their origin and frequency. Spiral patterns have long presented a special challenge, and ideas and recent developments are reviewed. Other topics include scattering of disk stars and the survival of thin disks.Comment: Chapter accepted to appear in Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems, vol 5, ed G. Gilmore. 32 pages, 17 figures. Includes minor corrections made in proofs. Uses emulateapj.st

Empowering Orang Asli Educators with Mobile Learning for Basic Literacy

This study aims to evaluate the perceptions of tutors on their readiness of implementing the basic literacy program and the module of M-Litora (basic literacy and digital transformation module for Orang Asli via mobile learning). This is important to ensure for the appropriateness of the literacy program developed by researchers from Faculty of Education and Faculty of Health Sciences, UKM in meeting the problems of reading difficulties among the children of the Orang Asli. The finding revealed that mastery on Bahasa Melayu among tutors, the capability of Orang Asli tutors to receive online training and motivation among tutors and the children were part of elements influencing the tutor's readiness towards this program. Perhaps the initiatives through this program accelerating the government inspiration in strengthening the marginalized community with education. However, there are more effort and initiative that are deemed essential to the implementation of the Bahasa Melayu program for the marginalized community