La renovación de la palabra en el bicentenario de la Argentina : los colores de la mirada lingüística

El libro reúne trabajos en los que se exponen resultados de investigaciones presentadas por investigadores de Argentina, Chile, Brasil, España, Italia y Alemania en el XII Congreso de la Sociedad Argentina de Lingüística (SAL), Bicentenario: la renovación de la palabra, realizado en Mendoza, Argentina, entre el 6 y el 9 de abril de 2010. Las temáticas abordadas en los 167 capítulos muestran las grandes líneas de investigación que se desarrollan fundamentalmente en nuestro país, pero también en los otros países mencionados arriba, y señalan además las áreas que recién se inician, con poca tradición en nuestro país y que deberían fomentarse. Los trabajos aquí publicados se enmarcan dentro de las siguientes disciplinas y/o campos de investigación: Fonología, Sintaxis, Semántica y Pragmática, Lingüística Cognitiva, Análisis del Discurso, Psicolingüística, Adquisición de la Lengua, Sociolingüística y Dialectología, Didáctica de la lengua, Lingüística Aplicada, Lingüística Computacional, Historia de la Lengua y la Lingüística, Lenguas Aborígenes, Filosofía del Lenguaje, Lexicología y Terminología

Effect on production parameters measured in <i>A. cruentus</i> plants inoculated with different PGPR.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Seed yield, (<b>B</b>) harvest index and (<b>C</b>) weight of 100 seeds were determined in <i>A. cruentus</i> plants inoculated with two strains of <i>Burkholderia</i> (<i>B. ambifaria</i> Mex5 or <i>B. caribensis</i> XV) and grown to maturity in a rich substrate. Inoculated plants ± chemical fertilization (CF) were compared with un-inoculated plants ± CF. Mean values ± SE are presented. Different letters over the bars represent statistically different values at <i>P</i>≤0.05. The results of a representative experiment that was performed in duplicate are shown.</p

Properties of the rhizobacteria used in this study.

<p>ND = Not determined.</p>1<p> = Described in Reference <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088094#pone.0088094-delosSantosVillalobos1" target="_blank">[37]</a>;</p>2<p> = Described in reference <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088094#pone.0088094-JimnezDelgadillo1" target="_blank">[91]</a>;</p>3<p> = Described in Reference <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088094#pone.0088094-delosSantosVillalobos2" target="_blank">[92]</a>.</p

Growth promoting effect of PGPR inoculation on grain amaranth plants maintained in a low-fertility soil.

<p>The effect on different growth parameters were determined in <i>A. cruentus</i> plants grown in a low fertility soil and inoculated with two strains of <i>Burkholderia</i> (<i>B. ambifaria</i> Mex5 and <i>B. caribensis</i> XV). The parameters measured 7 weeks after inoculation were the following: <b>A</b>) plant height and stem diameter; <b>B</b>) leaf area; <b>C</b> and <b>D</b>) total biomass in fresh and dry weight basis, respectively, and <b>F</b> and <b>G</b>) total leaf, stem and root biomass in a FW and DW basis, respectively. Differences in plant height and leaf area between controls and plants inoculated with <i>B. caribensis XV</i> or <i>B. ambifaria</i> Mex5 are shown in (<b>E</b>). The effect on total nitrogen levels in leaves, stems and roots produced in plants inoculated with <i>B. caribensis</i> XV is shown in (<b>H</b>). Mean values ± SE are presented. Asterisks over the bars and lines represent statistically different values at <i>P</i>≤0.05. Experiments were performed twice, and representative results are shown.</p

Real-time PCR analysis of gene expression in different tissues of PGPR-inoculated <i>A. cruentus</i> plants.

<p>The expression levels of a battery of genes involved in C and N metabolism and transport were measured in roots (<b>A</b>), and leaves (<b>B</b>), of <i>A. cruentus</i> plants inoculated with <i>Burkholderia caribensis</i> XV. The relative expression levels were determined by qPCR at 3, 5 and 7 weeks after seed inoculation, using the 2^−ΔΔCt method, as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088094#pone.0088094-Livak1" target="_blank">[94]</a>. The bars represent mean values ± SE. Dashed lines indicate upper and lower limits beyond which genes were considered to be up- and down-regulated, respectively. Experiments were performed thrice, and results from a representative experiment are shown.</p

Time-course changes in non-structural carbohydrate levels in different tissues of PGPR-inoculated <i>A. cruentus</i> plants.

1<p> = Burkholderia caribensis XV and B. ambifaria Mex5;</p><p>ND = Not determined;</p>*<p> = Significant difference with controls at <i>P</i><0.05.</p

PGPR positively affect growth of grain amaranth plants.

<p>The effect of PGPR on different growth parameters, produced 8 weeks after inoculation with three strains of <i>Burkholderia</i> (<i>B. cepacia</i> XXVI, <i>B. ambifaria</i> Mex5 and <i>B. caribensis</i> XV), was determined in (<b>A</b>) and (<b>B</b>) <i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> and (<b>C</b>) and (<b>D</b>) <i>A. cruentus</i> plants grown in a rich substrate, with (+CF) or without (−CF) chemical fertilization. Parameters measured were: total biomass, leaf area, plant height and stem diameter. Mean values ± SE are presented. Different letters over the bars and lines represent statistically different values at <i>P</i>≤0.05. Experiments were performed twice, and representative results are shown.</p

PGPR positively affect growth and nitrogen content of grain amaranth plants.

<p>The effect on the total biomass of leaves, stems and roots, (<b>A</b>) and (<b>B</b>), and on foliar nitrogen, (<b>C</b>) and (<b>D</b>), was measured 8 weeks after inoculation with three strains of <i>Burkholderia</i> (<i>B. cepacia</i> XXVI, <i>B. ambifaria</i> Mex5 and <i>B. caribensis</i> XV) in <i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> and <i>A. cruentus</i> grown in a rich substrate, with (+CF) or without (−CF) chemical fertilization. Mean values ± SE are presented. Different letters over the bars and lines represent statistically different values at <i>P</i>≤0.05. Experiments were performed twice, and representative results are shown.</p

Time-course effect on different growth parameters produced in PGPR-inoculated amaranth plants.

<p><i>A. cruentus</i> plants grown in a rich substrate were inoculated with two strains of <i>Burkholderia</i> (<i>B. ambifaria</i> Mex5 and <i>B. caribensis</i> XV) and growth-related parameters were measured at 3, 5 and 7 weeks after inoculation. These were (<b>A</b>) plant height and stem diameter; (<b>B</b>) leaf area; (<b>C</b>) and (<b>D</b>) total biomass in fresh and dry weight basis and (<b>F</b>) total leaf, stem and root biomass in a FW basis and (<b>G</b>) total foliar Nitrogen levels. Differences in plant height and leaf area produced between controls and plants inoculated with <i>B. caribensis XV</i> are shown in (<b>E</b>). Mean values ± SE are presented. Asterisks over the bars and lines represent statistically different values at <i>P</i>≤0.05. The results presented were obtained from a typical experiment that was repeated three times.</p

Overexpression of Grain Amaranth (<i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i>) AhERF or AhDOF Transcription Factors in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Increases Water Deficit- and Salt-Stress Tolerance, Respectively, via Contrasting Stress-Amelioration Mechanisms

<div><p>Two grain amaranth transcription factor (TF) genes were overexpressed in Arabidopsis plants. The first, coding for a group VII ethylene response factor TF (i.e., AhERF-VII) conferred tolerance to water-deficit stress (WS) in transgenic Arabidopsis without affecting vegetative or reproductive growth. A significantly lower water-loss rate in detached leaves coupled to a reduced stomatal opening in leaves of plants subjected to WS was associated with this trait. WS tolerance was also associated with an increased antioxidant enzyme activity and the accumulation of putative stress-related secondary metabolites. However, microarray and GO data did not indicate an obvious correlation between WS tolerance, stomatal closure, and abscisic acid (ABA)-related signaling. This scenario suggested that stomatal closure during WS in these plants involved ABA-independent mechanisms, possibly involving reactive oxygen species (ROS). WS tolerance may have also involved other protective processes, such as those employed for methyl glyoxal detoxification. The second, coding for a class A and cluster I DNA binding with one finger TF (i.e., AhDof-AI) provided salt-stress (SS) tolerance with no evident fitness penalties. The lack of an obvious development-related phenotype contrasted with microarray and GO data showing an enrichment of categories and genes related to developmental processes, particularly flowering. SS tolerance also correlated with increased superoxide dismutase activity but not with augmented stomatal closure. Additionally, microarray and GO data indicated that, contrary to AhERF-VII, SS tolerance conferred by AhDof-AI in Arabidopsis involved ABA-dependent and ABA-independent stress amelioration mechanisms.</p></div