Possibility of Enlargement in Left Medial Temporal Areas Against Cerebral Amyloid Deposition Observed During Preclinical Stage.

Neurodegenerative changes in the preclinical stage of Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD) have recently been the focus of attention because they may present a range of treatment opportunities. A total of 134 elderly volunteers who lived in a local community were investigated and grouped into preclinical and mild cognitive impairment stages according to the Clinical Dementia Rating test; we also estimated amyloid deposition in the brain using positron emission tomography (PET). A significant interaction between clinical stage and amyloid PET positivity on cerebral atrophy was observed in the bilateral parietal lobe, parahippocampal gyri, hippocampus, fusiform gyrus, and right superior and middle temporal gyri, as previously reported. Early AD-specific voxel of interest (VOI) analysis was also applied and averaged Z-scores in the right, left, bilateral, and right minus left medial temporal early AD specific area were computed. We defined these averaged Z-scores in the right, left, bilateral, and right minus left early AD specific VOI in medial temporal area as R-MedT-Atrophy-score, L-MedT-Atrophy-score, Bil-MedT-Atrophy-score, and R_L-MedT-Atrophy-score, respectively. It revealed that the R_L-MedT-Atrophy-scores were significantly larger in the amyloid-positive than in the amyloid-negative cognitively normal (CN) elderly group, that is, the right medial temporal areas were smaller than left in amyloid positive CN group and these left-right differences were significantly larger in amyloid positive than amyloid negative CN elderly group. The L-MedT-Atrophy-score was slightly larger ( = 0.073), that is, the left medial temporal area was smaller in the amyloid-negative CN group than in the amyloid-positive CN group. Conclusively, the left medial temporal area could be larger in CN participants with amyloid deposition than in those without amyloid deposition. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for differentiating amyloid positivity among CN participants using the R_L-MedT-Atrophy-scores was 0.73; the sensitivity and specificity were 0.828 and 0.606, respectively. Although not significant, a negative correlation was observed between the composite cerebral standardized uptake value ratio in amyloid PET images and L-MedT-Atrophy-score in CN group. The left medial temporal volume might become enlarged because of compensatory effects against AD pathology occurring at the beginning of the amyloid deposition

Role of <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> Strain b240 and the Toll-Like Receptor 2 Axis in Peyer's Patch Dendritic Cell-Mediated Immunoglobulin A Enhancement

<div><p>Lactic acid bacteria are well known to possess immune-modulating effects, but the mechanisms underlying their modulation of the gut immune system are not fully understood. Here, we examined the localization of heat-killed <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> strain b240 (b240) in intestinal tissues and the effect of b240 on adaptive immune cascades in the gut. Histological analysis showed that b240 co-localized with dendritic cells (DCs) in the subepithelial dome region of Peyer's patches (PPs). In a PP cell culture system, b240 promoted the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor, but not IL-4, IL-5, B-cell activating factors, IFN-α, IFN-β, and transforming growth factor-β1. The enhanced IgA production by b240 was attenuated by neutralizing IL-6, a potent IgA-enhancing cytokine. b240 stimulated DCs to produce an elevated amount of IL-6 in a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-, but not TLR4- or TLR9-dependent manner. Finally, we demonstrated that TLR2-mediated IL-6 production from PP DCs in response to b240 activated B cells to produce a large amount of IgA in a DC-B cell co-culture system. Our findings open up the possibility that the heat-killed form of <i>Lactobacillus pentosus</i> strain b240 can be used as a TLR2-mediated DC-activating biologic for enhancing IgA production in the intestine.</p></div

Localization of orally administered b240 in the small intestine.

<p>Histological analysis was performed to examine the localization of b240 in (A) the PPs and (B) the small intestine after mice were provided with autoclaved drinking water supplemented with 1 mg/ml of FITC-labeled b240 <i>ad libitum</i> for 3 days. Tissue sections were prepared and then stained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (blue). b240 (green) internalized in PP are indicated by arrowheads. The bar indicates 50 μm. (C) The number of b240 inside PPs and in the luminal areas of the tissue sections was counted. Then, the proportion of b240 inside the PPs was calculated. Data are representative of 2 independent experiments producing similar results.</p

Role of PP DCs in the IgA-enhancing ability of b240.

<p>(A, C) In the presence (black) or absence (white) of heat-killed b240 (1.6×10⁶ counts), (A) purified WT PP IgD⁺ cells (2×10⁵ cells/well) were cultured with or without purified WT PP CD11c⁺B220⁻ DCs (1×10⁵ cells/well), (B) purified WT PP CD11c⁺B220⁻ DCs and purified WT PP IgD⁺ B cells were co-cultured with (black) or without (white) anti-IL-6 mAb (10 μg/ml) in the presence or absence of heat-killed b240 (1.6×10⁶ counts), and (C) purified WT or TLR2^−/− PP CD11c⁺B220⁻ DCs and purified WT or TLR2^−/− PP IgD⁺ B cells were co-cultured for 7 days. IgA and IL-6 in the culture supernatants were determined by ELISA and CBA, respectively. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 1–3). ND, not detected. ^*<i>P</i><0.05 versus (A) saline group by Welch's <i>t</i>-test, (B) isotype Ig group by Student's t-<i>t</i>est, (C) WT DCs + WT B cells + b240 co-culture by Dunnett's test. Data are representative of 2 independent experiments producing similar results.</p

Important factor for the enhancement IgA production from PP cells by b240.

<p>(A) PP cells (1.5×10⁶ cells) were cultured with saline (open circles), 1.2×10⁶ counts of heat-killed b240 (closed squares), or 1.2 × 10⁷ counts of heat-killed b240 (closed circles) for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. (B, C) In the presence or absence of heat-killed b240 (4.7×10⁶ counts), PP cells (5.8×10⁵ cells) were cultured with (B) anti-IL-6 mAb (10 μg/ml), anti-IFN-γ mAb (10 μg/ml), anti-TNF mAb (10 μg/ml), rat IgG1 k isotype control (10 μg/ml), (C) LE540 (1 μM), BCMA-Ig+ TACI-Ig (5 μg/ml each), dimethyl sulfoxide, or human IgG1 Fc antibody (10 μg/ml) for 4 days. The stimulation index of each sample was calculated (for example, (b240-treatment and anti-IL-6 Ab treatment)/(saline-treatment and anti-IL-6 Ab treatment) is the stimulation index for anti-IL-6 Ab treatment). (D) PP cells (5.8×10⁵ cells) were cultured with a low dose (light gray), medium dose (dark gray), and high dose (black) of rIL-6 (0.4, 2, or 10 ng/ml), rIFN-γ (0.6, 3, or 15 ng/ml), rTNF (0.08, 0.4, or 2 ng/ml), or heat-killed b240 (4.7×10⁶ counts) for 4 days. IgA or cytokine in the culture supernatants was determined by ELISA or CBA. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3). (A, B) ^*<i>P</i><0.05 versus control group by Dunnett's test. (C) Student's <i>t</i>-test was conducted. (D) Statistical analysis was not conducted. Data are representative of 2 independent experiments producing similar results.</p

Involvement of TLR signals in the IL-6-inducing ability of b240.

<p>(A) PP cells (5.8×10⁵ cells) from WT (white), TLR2^−/− (black), TLR4^−/− (gray), or TLR9^−/− (dotted) mice were cultured with or without heat-killed b240 (4.7×10⁶ counts) for 4 days. IL-6 in the culture supernatants was determined by CBA. ^*<i>P</i><0.05 versus WT in b240 group by Dunnett's test. The saline group was not tested. (B) PP cells (5.8×10⁵ cells) from WT (white) or TLR2^−/− (black) mice were cultured with or without heat-killed b240 (4.7×10⁶ counts), the intact cell wall (ICW), or the KOH-treated ICW for 4 days. The ICW and the KOH-treated ICW were applied in the same amount as heat-killed b240. IL-6 in the culture supernatants was determined by CBA. ^*<i>P</i><0.05 versus b240 in the WT group by Dunnett's test, and the TLR2^−/− group was not tested. ^#<i>P</i><0.05 versus WT in the ICW group by Student's <i>t</i>-test. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3–6). Data are (A) combined or (B) representative of 2 independent experiments.</p