Additional file 1: Table S1. of Estimation of loss of genetic diversity in modern Japanese cultivars by comparison of diverse genetic resources in Asian pear (Pyrus spp.)

Names, accession numbers, and breeding information for the 207 accessions used in this study. (PDF 154 kb

Identification of Inter-Organ Vascular Network: Vessels Bridging between Organs

<div><p>Development and homeostasis of organs and whole body is critically dependent on the circulatory system. In particular, the circulatory system, the railways shuttling oxygen and nutrients among various organs, is indispensible for inter-organ humoral communication. Since the modern view of the anatomy and mechanics of the circulatory system was established in 17^th century, it has been assumed that humoral factors are carried to and from organs via vascular branches of the central arteries and veins running along the body axis. Over the past few decades, major advances have been made in understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the vascularization of organs. However, very little is known about how each organ is linked by vasculature (i.e., inter-organ vascular networks). In fact, the exact anatomy of inter-organ vascular networks has remained obscure. Herein, we report the identification of four distinct vessels, V1^LP, V2^LP, V3^LP and V4^LP, that bridge between two organs, liver and pancreas in developing zebrafish. We found that these inter-organ vessels can be classified into two types: direct and indirect types. The direct type vessels are those that bridge between two organs via single distinct vessel, to which V1^LP and V2^LP vessels belong. The indirect type bridges between two organs via separate branches that emanate from a stem vessel, and V3^LP and V4^LP vessels belong to this type. Our finding of V1^LP, V2^LP, V3^LP and V4^LP vessels provides the proof of the existence of inter-organ vascular networks. These and other yet-to-be-discovered inter-organ vascular networks may facilitate the direct exchange of humoral factors that are necessary for the coordinated growth, differentiation and homeostasis of the connected organs. It is also possible that the inter-organ vessels serve as tracks for their connected organs to follow during their growth to establish their relative positions and size differences.</p></div

Additional file 2: Table S2. of Estimation of loss of genetic diversity in modern Japanese cultivars by comparison of diverse genetic resources in Asian pear (Pyrus spp.)

Description of the 19 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers used in this study. (XLSX 12 kb

Dynamics of the formation of V1^LP and V3^LP vessels.

<p>The dynamic behavior of growing V1^LP, V3^LP, V2^LP/V4^LP inter-organ vessels were analyzed by time-lapse confocal microscopy using <i>Tg(lfabf:DsRed;elaA:egfp);Tg(fli1:egfp)</i> (A) and <i>Tg(lfabf:TagRFP-Eco.nfsB;fli1:egfp);Tg(elaA:TagRFP-Eco.nfsB)</i> (B) larvae, respectively. A. Panels show images from right side of larva with dorsal up, and the images were captured beginning at about 4–4.5 dpf. The V1^LP vessel (EGFP: green) on the dorsal side (sandwhiched between white arrows) grows out of liver (DsRed: orange) and invades into pancreas (EGFP: green). B. Panels show images from right side of larva with dorsal up, and the images were captured beginning at about 4.5 dpf. The V3^LP vessel (EGFP: green) on the dorsal side (white arrows) grows out of pancreas (TagRFP: orange) and invades into liver (TagRFP: orange). Time (h) elapsed since the beginning of the sequence is indicated at the top right in each panel. C. Panels show images from right side of larva with dorsal up, and the images were captured beginning at about 4 dpf. The embryo was observed at 0 hr, 3^rd hr, 6^th hr and 12^th hr. V2^LP vessel (white arrows) branches off from the vascular plexus in Islet of Langerhans of pancreas was observed at 0 hr, but it connects with hepatic vascular network by 12^th hr. V4^LP vessel (yellow arrows and sandwiched between yellow arrowheads) that is linking between V2^LP (white arrows) and SIV(sandwiched between yellow arrowhead) was also observed. L: Liver, P: Pancreas. Scale bars: A, B: 40 µm; C: 30 µm.</p

Additional file 3: Table S3. of Estimation of loss of genetic diversity in modern Japanese cultivars by comparison of diverse genetic resources in Asian pear (Pyrus spp.)

Simple allele-sharing distances for the 207 accessions used in this study. (XLSX 259 kb

Identification of the circulation of <i>gata1⁺</i> blood cells through V2^LP and V4^LP inter-organ vessels.

<p>Time-lapse two-photon microscopy images of <i>Tg(gata1:DsRed);Tg(fli1:egfp)</i> larvae at 5 dpf (V1^LP, V2^LP, V4^LP) and at 6 dpf (V3^LP). No circulation of <i>gata1⁺</i> blood cells was observed within V1^LP or V3^LP vessels during the 15 min. or 14 min. imaging periods, respectively. In contrast, the circulation of <i>gata1⁺</i> blood cells was clearly observed both within V2^LP and V4^LP vessels during the 7 min. imaging period. The 3D rendered (3D) and/or Z-slices are shown. EGFP (green): <i>fli1⁺</i> vessels; DsRed (magenta): <i>gata1⁺</i> blood cells. The time-stamp (min: minute, sec: second) is indicated at the bottom right in each bottom panel. Scale bars: 30 µm.</p

Identification of V1^LP, V2^LP and V4^LP, as inter-organ vessels bridging between liver and pancreas.

<p>Three distinct vessels (V1^LP, V2^LP, V4^LP) were found to bridge between liver (L) and pancreas (P). <b>A.</b> The 3D rendered two-photon miscroscopy images (top two panels: 3D) and their serial optical sections (bottom panels: Z-slice) of <i>Tg(lfabf:DsRed;elaA:egfp);Tg(fli1:egfp)</i> at 5 dpf and 6 dpf. The second row 3D panels are the higher magnification of the indicated area (dotted rectangle) in the first row 3D panels. The bottom four panels are Z-slices of the areas shown in second row 3D panels. The depth of each slice is indicated as µm at the top left in each panel of Z-slice. V1^LP and V2^LP vessels are sandwiched between white arrows and indicated by white arrows, respectively. V4^LP vessel is indicated by yellow arrows and supraintestinal veins (SIV) is sandwiched between yellow arrowheads). The islet of Langerhans is indicated (dotted circle in each panel). The islet of Langerhans, consisting of endocrine cells, was identified as an area devoid of EGFP reporter signals driven by the exocrine pancreas-specific <i>elaA</i> promoter (see Fig. 2). In the first column, V1^LP vessel (sandwiched white arrows) bridging between liver (L) and pancreas (P) can be clearly seen. Examining the series of Z-slices confirms that V1^LP invades into liver tissue. In the second column, V2^LP (white arrows) and V4^LP (yellow arrows and sandwiched between yellow arrowheads) vessels bridging between liver (L) and pancreas (P) are shown. A connection between V4^LP and V2^LP appears to exist (yellow arrows in the 2^nd panel). Liver (L: orange); endocrine pancreas (P: green); <i>fli1⁺</i> vessels (green). Scale bars: 30 µm. <b>B.</b> V2^LP (white arrows) and V4^LP (yellow arrows and sandwiched between yellow arrowheads) vessels originate from supraintestinal arteries (SIA) and supraintestinal veins (SIV), respectively. The origins of V2^LP and V4^LP vessels were followed by using <i>Tg(elaA:TagRFP-Eco.NfsB);Tg(fli1:egfp)</i> at 6 dpf. The 3D-rendered Z-stack confocal microscopy images of several Z-slices (depth of ranges is indicated at the bottom left in each panel) are shown in series. <i>Fli1⁺</i> vessels and <i>elaA⁺</i> exocrine pancreas are shown as green and magenta, respectively. By following the SIA (white arrowheads) in each Z-stack, V2^LP is found to originate from vascular plexus at the islet of Langerhans (dotted circle) that is formed by branches of SIA. The 4^th and 5^th Z-stack panels show that vascular plexus (white arrowheads) at the islet of Langerhans (dotted circle) is formed by branches of SIA. In the 5^th Z-slice panel, the direct connection between this SIA-derived vascular plexus at the islet of Langerhans (dotted circle) and V2^LP (white arrows) can be seen. Following the vessels pointed by yellow arrows in each Z-stack demonstrate that V4^LP vessel is a part of SIV running ventral to pancreas. Supraintestinal artery (SIA) and supraintestinal vein (SIV) are indicated by white arrowheads and sandwiched between yellow arrowheads, respectively. Scale bars: 100 µm.</p

Identification of V3^LP vessel that bridges between liver and pancreas.

<p>V3^LP vessel originates from supraintestinal arteries (SIA). The origins of V3^LP was followed by using <i>Tg(elaA:TagRFP-Eco.NfsB);Tg(fli1:egfp)</i> at 5 dpf. The 3D-rendered Z-stack confocal miscroscopy images of several Z-slices (depth of ranges is indicated at the bottom left in each panel) are shown in series. <i>Fli1⁺</i> vessels and <i>elaA⁺</i> exocrine pancreas are shown as green and magenta, respectively. By following SIA (white arrowheads) in each Z-stack, V3^LP is found to be connected to a dorsal SIA branch (yellow arrows), to vascular plexus at the islet of Langerhans (dotted circle) that is linked to both dorsal (yellow arrows) and ventral (white arrowheads) SIA branches, and to SIV (sandwiched between yellow arrowheads), a part of which appears to be embedded inside pancreas. Supraintestinal artery (SIA): White arrowheads; Supraintestinal vein (SIV): Sandwiched between yellow arrowheads. Scale bars: 100 µm.</p

Delineation of V1^LP, V2^LP and V4^LP vascular connections by quantum dots.

<p>QD655 injected <i>Tg(lfabf:DsRed;elaA:egfp);Tg(fli1:efgp)</i> larva is shown. The 3D rendered confocal microscopy images (the top panel: 3D) and their serial optical sections (bottom panels: Z-slice) of <i>Tg(lfabf:DsRed;elaA:egfp);Tg(fli1:egfp)</i> at 6 dpf are shown. The bottom five panels are Z-slices of the 3D rendered images shown at the top panel. The depth of each slice is indicated as µm at the top left in each panel of Z-slice. V1^LP and V2^LP vessels are sandwiched between white arrows and outlined by white arrows, respectively. V4^LP vessel is outlined by yellow arrows and sandwiched between yellow arrowheads. The islet of Langerhans is indicated (dotted circle in each panel). The islet of Langerhans, consisting of endocrine cells, was identified as an area devoid of EGFP reporter signals driven by the exocrine pancreas-specific <i>elaA</i> promoter. The left, middle and right panels in <b>A</b> and <b>B</b> show EGFP (green: <i>fli1⁺</i> vessels, <i>elaA⁺</i> exocrine-pancreas)/DsRed (orange: <i>lfabf⁺</i> liver), QD655 (magenta) and merged images, respectively. <b>A.</b> The QD655 perfused V1^LP vessel. The <i>fli1⁺</i> V1^LP vessel (green) is perfused with Q655 (magenta) albeit only faintly. <b>B.</b> The QD655 perfused V2^LP and V4^LP vessels. V2^LP and V4^LP vessels are outlined by white and yellow arrows, respectively. By following each serial Z-slices, the direct connection of V2^LP vessel (white arrows) to vascular plexus at the islet of Langerhans (dotted circle) is discernable. V4^LP vessel (yellow arrows and sandwiched between yellow arrowheads) is clearly connected to intrahepatic vasculature. There are three branches (two indicated by *, one indicated by**) stemming from V4^LP that appear to bridge between V2^LP and V4^LP vessels. By following the serial Z-slices, it is clear that two of these QD655 perfused vessels indicated by * become more discernable as V2^LP becomes fainter (compare the 4^th and 5^th Z-slices in the QD655 column), suggesting that those two indicated by * are not directly linked to either V2^LP or V4^LP vessels. Instead, they cross behind V2^LP vessel. In contrast, the one indicated by ** appears to be on the same Z-slice plane as V2^LP vessel (compare the 4^th and 5^th Z-slices in the QD655 column), suggesting that this vessel (**) is a branch that directly bridge between V2^LP and V4^LP vessels. <b>C.</b> Higher magnification of the V2^LP vessel showing co-localization of <i>fli1⁺</i> vascular endothelial cells (green) and QD655 signal (magenta) (of the 4^th panel of the merge column as indicated by dotted rectangle). <b>D.</b> Higher magnification of the V4^LP vessel showing co-localization of <i>fli1⁺</i> vascular endothelial cells (green) and QD655 signal (magenta) (of the 3^rd panel of the merge column as indicated by dotted rectangle). <b>E.</b> IsoSurface object image of QD655 perfused vessel connections of V2^LP and V4^LP and their branches. The QD655 perfused vessel image was treated by surface rendering method and IsoSurface object was built (Threshold = 12). In this surface rendered image, all three branches (? and **) stemming from V4^LP vessel appear to be fused to V2^LP vessel. However, as demonstrated by Z-slices shown in C., two (?) are crossing behind V2^LP vessel, and the one (**) fuses with V2^LP vessel. Scale bars: A, B: 50 µm; C–E: 25 µm.</p

Schematic diagram of inter-organ vascular networks.

<p><b>A.</b> Inter-organ vascular networks. Indirect inter-organ vessels bridge between two organs via two distinct branches of a “stem” vessel (top). In contrast, a direct inter-organ vessel bridges between two organs via a directly connecting distinct vessel (bottom). <b>B.</b> Identification of four vessels, V1^LP, V2^LP, V3^LP and V4^LP, that bridge between liver and pancreas. V1^LP and V2^LP belong to the direct type as they bridge between liver and pancreas in a direct manner. In contrast, V3^LP and V4^LP belong to the indirect type as they bridge between these two organs in an indirect manner. In the V1^LP/V2^LP/V4^LP diagram (top), the intra-pancreatic vascular network indicated in the V3^LP diagram (bottom) is shown as dotted lines.</p