A Comparison of Four Types of Toothbrushes and Different Tooth Brushing Methods on Plaque Removal II. Examinations using first year dental hygiene students as subjects

In a continuation of the first report, the authors hoped to clarify the relationship between toothbrush specifications and various brushing methods. For this purpose, we compared the effectiveness of plaque removal for 4 different types of brushes with 4 different brushing methods. The first year students of Matsumoto Dental College, School of Dental Hygiene, were selected as subjects. The results were as follows: 1. Brushing methods: No significant difference was observed with the roll, Bass, or modified Stillman methods when all surfaces were grouped together. Also, no significant difference was observed on the facial surfaces with the different methods. However, the Bass and roll methods tended to be slightly better. The results of this study did not correlate with the previous study or with the reports from Arai and Watanabe. The subjects\u27 skill and control at the time of evaluation were taken into consideration. 2. Test brushed: Test brush S was the most effective when all surfaces were grouped together and test brush M was the least effective. This tendency was observed on both the facial and the proximo facial surfaces. 3. Interaction between test brushes and the amount of plaque prior to testing: It was observed that subjects who were divided into the "small" group prior to testing kept the amount of plaque at the same low level after testing. By comparing the results with the previous report, the authors concluded that there was more advancement in the skill of the second year students than the first year students

A Comparison of Four Types of Toothbrushes and Different Tooth Brushing Methods on Plaque Removal I. Examinations using second year dental hygiene students as subjects

To clarify the relationship between the type of brush and brushing methods, 30 students in Mastumoto Dental College, School of Dental Hygiene were requested to use 4 different types of brushes with 4 brushing methods during 4 two week periods. The following results were obtained: 1. Brushing methods: The scrub method had the best results in plaque control, followed by the Bass, modified Stillman and roll methods in that order. A significant difference was observed with these brushing methods (p<0.01). 2. Toothbrushes: Test brushes S and M got the best results, and H and the open-tufted brushes followed. Significant differences were observed with these brushes (p<0.01). 3. Interaction between brushing methods and brushes: Plaque control effectiveness tended to differ with brushing method between the facial and proximo facial surfaces, a. Facial surfaces: Test brush H showed a higher plaque control effectiveness with the scrub and Bass methods than that of test brushes M and S. Test brush M was the most effective for plaque control using the roll and modified Stillman methods. b. Proximofacial surfaces: Test brush S was the most effective with the Bass method and M was more effective with the other methods

Molecular line observations of IC 443 - the interaction of a molecular cloud and an interstellar shock

The supernova remnant IC 443 is colliding with several molecular clouds which are now situated close to the expanding rim. Observations of CO, 13CO, HCO+, and HCN at frequencies between 88 and 356 GHz have been obtained toward several of these molecular clouds to examine the effects of the strong shock with the neutral gas in the clouds. The spatial distributions of CO, HCN and HCO+ are found to be very similar, and well correlated with that of shocked molecular hydrogen. The molecular lines observed from this area are very broad, having line-widths of up to 90 km s-1. The effect of the shock has been to cause extensive fragmentation of the cloud into dynamically unstable systems of fragments having typical size scales of 0.1-0.3 pc. A spectral line survey between 84 and 104 GHz has been carried out, which includes a number of molecular species which have been chosen as diagnostics of shock chemistry. Modeling carried out for several molecular species shows that CO emission from the high-velocity gas is usually optically thin, but for other species, the lines may be optically thick and subthermally excited

Semi-automated volumetry of the cerebrum, cerebellum-brainstem, and temporal lobe on brain magnetic resonance images

取得学位 : 博士（保健学）, 学位授与番号 : 医博甲第1954号 , 学位授与年月日 : 平成20年3月22日, 学位授与大学 : 金沢大学, 審査結果の報告日 : 平成20年2月13日, 主査 :真田 茂 , 副査 :鈴木 正行, 越田 吉

Evaluation of Haplotype Inference Using Definitive Haplotype Data Obtained from Complete Hydatidiform Moles, and Its Significance for the Analyses of Positively Selected Regions

The haplotype map constructed by the HapMap Project is a valuable resource in the genetic studies of disease genes, population structure, and evolution. In the Project, Caucasian and African haplotypes are fairly accurately inferred, based mainly on the rules of Mendelian inheritance using the genotypes of trios. However, the Asian haplotypes are inferred from the genotypes of unrelated individuals based on population genetics, and are less accurate. Thus, the effects of this inaccuracy on downstream analyses needs to be assessed. We determined true Japanese haplotypes by genotyping 100 complete hydatidiform moles (CHM), each carrying a genome derived from a single sperm, using Affymetrix 500 K Arrays. We then assessed how inferred haplotypes can differ from true haplotypes, by phasing pseudo-individualized true haplotypes using the programs PHASE, fastPHASE, and Beagle. We found that, at various genomic regions, especially the MHC locus, the expansion of extended haplotype homozygosity (EHH), which is a measure of positive selection, is obscured when inferred Asian haplotype data is used to detect the expansion. We then mapped the genome using a new statistic, XDiHH, which directly detects the difference between the true and inferred haplotypes, in the determination of EHH expansion. We also show that the true haplotype data presented here is useful to assess and improve the accuracy of phasing of Asian genotypes

Both the anaerobic pathway and aerobic desaturation are involved in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in Vibrio sp. strain ABE-1

AbstractVibrio sp. strain ABE-1 is a unique marine bacterium in terms of its ability to synthesize Δ9-trans-hexadecenoic acid and Δ7-cis-tetradecenoic acid (14:1(7c); Okuyama, H., Sasaki, S., Higashi, S. and Murata, N. (1990) J. Bacteriol. 172, 3515-3518). The present study, involving labeling with [1-14C]acetate, demonstrated that 14:1 is synthesized by the anaerobic pathway. When cells of this bacterium were grown in the presence of [1-14C]myristic acid (14:0), this compound was converted to palmitic (16:0) and hexadecenoic (16:1) acids but not to 14:1, under aerobic conditions. These results suggest that the incorporated 14:0 was elongated to 16:0 and then converted to 16:1 by the aerobic desaturation of 16:0. It appears that the anaerobic pathway and aerobic desaturation are both involved in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids during aerobic growth of Vibrio sp. strain ABE-1