XPS analysis of the surface of Ti-Nb-Sn.

<p>O 1s XPS profiles of AO-treated and AO- plus HW-treated Ti-Nb-Sn. (A) AO-treated Ti-Nb-Sn; (B) AO- plus HW-treated Ti-Nb-Sn.</p

SEM images of AO- and HW-treated Ti-Nb-Sn and CP-Ti discs.

<p>Representative images of SEM micrographs of AO- and HW-treated Ti-Nb-Sn and CP-Ti discs. Numerous small spheres were observed on both substrates after HW treatment. (A) AO-treated CP-Ti; (B) AO-treated Ti-Nb-Sn; (C) AO- plus HW-treated CP-Ti; (D) AO- plus HW-treated Ti-Nb-Sn</p

Analyses of chemical composition of the surface layer calculated from the XPS spectra.

<p>Analyses of chemical composition of the surface layer calculated from the XPS spectra.</p

Quantitative histomorphometric analysis of newly-formed bone.

<p>Quantitative histomorphometric analysis of newly-formed bone around Ti-Nb-Sn alloy rods 6 weeks after implantation. Parameters from A to F indicate the results of analysing distal areas and parameters from G to L indicate results from proximal areas. BV/TV and OV/TV values in the distal area were significantly higher in AO- plus HW-treated Ti-Nb-Sn alloy rods than in untreated rods (A, C). (*: p < 0.05; n.s.: not significant).</p

Histological images of newly-formed bone.

<p>Representative histological images of Ti-Nb-Sn alloys implanted into the femur. Newly formed bone was observed, especially in the area of the distal femur (arrows). Higher magnification images (panels E–H) of the rectangular areas (panels A–D) as visualized under a fluorescence microscope. The yellow and green fluorescence indicates tetracycline (injected before operation) and calcein (injected before death) signals, respectively. (A, E) Distal section of an AO- plus HW-treated rod; (B, F) Distal section of an untreated rod; (C, G) Proximal section of an AO- plus HW-treated rod; (D, H) Proximal section of an untreated rod.</p

SEM images of apatite formation.

<p>Representative images of SEM micrographs of Ti-Nb-Sn and CP-Ti discs after AO-treatment or AO- plus HW-treatment, followed by 7 days’ incubation in Hank’s solution. A crystalline apatite layer is observed on the surface of Ti-Nb-Sn and CP-Ti discs after AO- plus HW-treatment and incubation in Hank’s solution. (A) AO-treated CP-Ti; (B) AO-treated Ti-Nb-Sn; (C) AO- plus HW-treated CP-Ti; (D) AO- plus HW-treated Ti-Nb-Sn. (A–D) were all incubated in Hank’s solution.</p

Regions of histomorphometric measurements.

<p>(A) Radiograph of a Ti-Nb-Sn rod implanted in the distal femur of a rabbit. Locations of proximal (P) and distal (D) samples subjected to histological analyses are indicated. (B) A histological image of a Ti-Nb-Sn rod-implanted femur. Red squares indicated regions of interest for quantitative histological analyses.</p

XRD analysis for apatite formation.

<p>XRD profiles of AO-treated and AO- plus HW-treated Ti-Nb-Sn and CP-Ti discs. After 7 days incubation in Hank’s solution, both CP-Ti and Ti-Nb-Sn alloy discs showed crystalline apatite formation.</p

SEM images of Ti-Nb-Sn rods with apatite formation and pull-out test.

<p>Representative images of SEM micrographs of AO-treated and AO- plus HW-treated rods and the results of pull-out test of untreated and AO- plus HW-treated rods. (A) SEM images of AO-treated rod with incubation in Hank’s solution. Numerous small spheres were observed on the surface. (B) SEM images of AO- plus HW-treated rod with incubation in Hank’s solution. A crystalline apatite phase was observed. (C) Failure loads at 3 and 6 weeks after rod implantation were measured by the pull-out test. The failure loads of AO- plus HW-treated rods were significantly higher than those of untreated rods at 3 and 6 weeks. (**: p < 0.01).</p

MOESM1 of Impact of renal function on the underlying pathophysiology of coronary plaque composition in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Additional file 1: Table S1. Medications