Granzyme A-immunoreactive cells in synovial fluid in reactive and rheumatoid arthritis

Perforin and granzyme A co-localize in the cytotoxic granules of killer cells like cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Perforin is the cytolytic pore-forming protein, whereas the function of the homodimeric serine protease granzyme A and other members of the granzyme family is still unclear. Granzyme A-immunoreactive cells formed 8 +/- 2% of the resting peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy individuals. In contrast, granzyme A-positive cells formed 15% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with reactive or rheumatoid arthritis. However, 29 +/- 4% (p < 0.05 compared to normal peripheral blood) and 25 +/- 4% (p < 0.05) of all lymphocytes in synovial fluid in reactive and rheumatoid arthritis, respectively, were granzyme A-positive. This suggests involvement of cell-mediated cytolytic mechanisms in the articular pathogenic mechanisms. This involvement, however, does not differentiate between reactive and rheumatoid arthritis

Adaptive encoding of motion information in the fly visual system

Kurtz R. Adaptive encoding of motion information in the fly visual system. In: Barth F, Humphrey J, Srinivasan M, eds. Frontiers in Sensing. 1st ed. Wien New York: Springer; 2012: 115-128