22 research outputs found
Desenvolvimento de um roteiro conceitual para a gestão da biodiversidade e dos serviços ecossistêmicos no Caribe mexicano
Coral reefs and mangroves support rich biodiversity and provide ecosystem services that range from food, recreational benefits and coastal protection services, among others. They are one of the most threatened ecosystems by urbanization processes. In this context, we developed a conceptual framework for the management of biodiversity and ecosystem services for these coastal environments. We based our workflow on two sections: âInformation baseâ and âGovernanceâ and use the Puerto Morelos Coastal region as a case study for coastal protection. Puerto Morelos is between two of the most touristic destinations of Mexico (Playa del Carmen and Cancun) that has experienced an increase of population in the past four decades resulting in an intensification of multiple threats to its ecosystems. We characterized the two ecosystems with a âManagement Unitsâ strategy. An expert-based ecosystem services matrix was also described in order to connect mangroves and coral reef ecosystems with the multiple beneficiaries. Then an ecosystem model (conceptual model and Global Biodiversity model) was developed. The conceptual model was useful in understanding the interplay processes between systems regarding the ecosystem service of âCoastal Protectionâ. The Global Biodiversity model evidenced the human-induced shifts in the biodiversity for mangrove and coral reefs ecosystems. Also, a projection for 2035 of âbestâ and âworstâ scenarios was applied using GLOBIO3. A DPSIR conceptual framework was used to analyze environmental problems regarding ecosystem services maintenance. Finally, we evaluated a set of policies associated with these ecosystems that favor coastal protection integrity. This framework facilitates the identification of the most relevant processes and controls about the provision of coastal protection service. It can also be useful to better target management actions and as a tool to identify future management needs to tackle the challenges preventing more effective conservation of coastal environments.Recifes de coral e manguezais possuem rica biodiversidade e fornecem serviços ecossistĂŞmicos, tais como, alimento, recreação, proteção costeira, entre outros. Esses ecossistemas encontram-se entre os mais ameaçados pelos processos de urbanização. Nesse contexto, desenvolvemos um roteiro conceitual para a gestĂŁo da biodiversidade e dos serviços ecossistĂŞmicos desses ambientes costeiros. Organizamos nossa sequĂŞncia de passos de trabalho em duas seçþes: âBase de informaçþesâ e âGovernançaâ e usamos a regiĂŁo costeira da cidade de Puerto Morelos (MĂŠxico) como um estudo de caso para analisar o serviço de proteção de costa. Puerto Morelos encontra-se entre dois dos destinos mais turĂsticos do MĂŠxico (Playa del Carmen e CancĂşn), e portanto sua população vem aumentando nas Ăşltimas quatro dĂŠcadas, resultando na intensificação de mĂşltiplas ameaças para os ecossistemas. Primeiramente, caracterizamos os dois ecossistemas identificando-os como âUnidades de GestĂŁoâ, detalhando seus principais componentes e processos. AtravĂŠs de uma âMatriz de serviços ecossistĂŞmicosâ, construĂda com base na opiniĂŁo de especialistas, foram sistematizados os principais serviços ecossistĂŞmicos prestados pelos manguezais e recifes de corais aos mĂşltiplos beneficiĂĄrios. Em seguida, foi desenvolvida uma modelagem do sistema (e ecossistemas) atravĂŠs de sua representação na forma de um modelo conceitual e um modelo numĂŠrico de Biodiversidade Global. O modelo conceitual facilitou a compreensĂŁo dos processos de interação entre sistemas em relação ao serviço âProteção Costeiraâ. O modelo numĂŠrico evidenciou as mudanças induzidas pelo homem na biodiversidade dos ecossistemas de manguezal e recifes de coral. AlĂŠm disso, uma projeção dos cenĂĄrios âmelhorâ e âpiorâ foi desenvolvida para 2035 usando GLOBIO3. A Estrutura conceitual DPSIR foi aplicada para analisar problemas ambientais relacionados Ă manutenção dos serviços ecossistĂŞmicos. Finalmente, avaliamos um conjunto de polĂticas pĂşblicas associadas a esses ecossistemas e que favorecem a integridade da proteção costeira. Portanto, o roteiro facilitou a identificação dos principais processos e controles para a provisĂŁo de um serviço ecossistĂŞmico. AlĂŠm disso, pode ser Ăştil para direcionar melhor as açþes de gerenciamento, bem como, uma ferramenta para identificar necessidades futuras de planejamento e gestĂŁo para enfrentar desafios que permitam uma conservação mais eficaz dos ambientes costeiros.Fil: SĂĄnchez Quinto, AndrĂŠs. Universidad Nacional AutĂłnoma de MĂŠxico; MĂŠxicoFil: Costa, Julliet Correa da. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Zamboni, Nadia Selene. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; BrasilFil: Sanches, FĂĄbio H. C.. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Principe, Silas C.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Viotto, Evangelina del Valle. Provincia de Entre RĂos. Centro de Investigaciones CientĂficas y Transferencia de TecnologĂa a la ProducciĂłn. Universidad AutĂłnoma de Entre RĂos. Centro de Investigaciones CientĂficas y Transferencia de TecnologĂa a la ProducciĂłn. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂŠcnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones CientĂficas y Transferencia de TecnologĂa a la ProducciĂłn; ArgentinaFil: Casagranda, Maria Elvira. Universidad Nacional de TucumĂĄn. Instituto de EcologĂa Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂŠcnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - TucumĂĄn. Instituto de EcologĂa Regional; ArgentinaFil: Lima, Francisco A. da Veiga. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Possamai, Bianca. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande.; BrasilFil: Faroni Perez, Larisse. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Brasi
The Origin, Early Evolution and Predictability of Solar Eruptions
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) were discovered in the early 1970s when space-borne coronagraphs revealed that eruptions of plasma are ejected from the Sun. Today, it is known that the Sun produces eruptive flares, filament eruptions, coronal mass ejections and failed eruptions; all thought to be due to a release of energy stored in the coronal magnetic field during its drastic reconfiguration. This review discusses the observations and physical mechanisms behind this eruptive activity, with a view to making an assessment of the current capability of forecasting these events for space weather risk and impact mitigation. Whilst a wealth of observations exist, and detailed models have been developed, there still exists a need to draw these approaches together. In particular more realistic models are encouraged in order to asses the full range of complexity of the solar atmosphere and the criteria for which an eruption is formed. From the observational side, a more detailed understanding of the role of photospheric flows and reconnection is needed in order to identify the evolutionary path that ultimately means a magnetic structure will erupt
Track D Social Science, Human Rights and Political Science
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138414/1/jia218442.pd
Cloud-native Seascape Mapping of Mozambiqueâs Quirimbas National Park with Sentinel-2
The lack of detailed spatial information on coastal resources, notably shallow water coral reefs and associated benthic habitats, impedes our ability to protect and manage them in the face of global climate change and anthropogenic impacts. Here, we develop a semiâautomated workflow in the cloud that uses freely available Sentinelâ2 data from the European Space Agency (ESA) Copernicus programme to derive information on nearâshore coral reef habitats in the Quirimbas National Park (QNP), a recently declared biosphere reserve in northern Mozambique. We use an endâtoâend cloudâbased framework within the Google Earth Engine cloud geospatial platform to process imagery from raw pixels to cloudâfree composites which are corrected for glint and surface artefacts, water column and derived estimated depth and then classified into four benthic habitats. Using independent training and validation data, we apply three supervised classification algorithms: random forests (RF), support vector machine (SVM) and classification and regression trees (CART). Our results show that random forests are the most accurate supervised algorithm with over 82% overall accuracy. We mapped over 105 000 ha of shallow water habitat inside the protected area, of which 18% are dominated by coral and hardbottom; 27.5% are seagrass and submerged aquatic vegetation and another 23.4% are soft and sandy substrates, and the remaining area is optically deep water. We employ satelliteâderived bathymetry to assess slope, bathymetric position, rugosity and underwater topography of these habitats. Finally, a spectral unmixing model provides further subâpixelâlevel information of habitats with the potential to monitor changes over time. This effort provides the first, consistent and repeatable and also scalable coastal information system for an east African tropical marine protected area, which hosts shallowâwater ecosystems which are of great significance to local communities and building resilience towards climate change