Studies in gynaecology in zad al-musafir wa qut al- hadir of Abu Jaafar Ibn al-Jazzar

The main focus of this chapter is to present the work of Ibn AI-Jazzar in his sixth book of Zad al-Musafir wa Qut al-Hadir which focuses on gynaecology. The significance of the research is to show that with high commitment, one can excel in any area that he explores. The methodology adopted in completing this research is mainly based on information seeking. Books, journals and the information technology (internet) were made used in achieving the goal to educate the readers on this subject. In 1993, Prof Dr. Gerrit Bos from Germany had published an article entitled Ibn AI-Jazzar on Women's Diseases in the 37th volume of Medical History and thus, this article has provided me the most extensive information in conducting this researc

Control of transtibial prosthetic limb with magnetorheological fluid damper by using a fuzzy PID controller

The damping characteristic of a healthy limb changes throughout the gait cycle. However, for amputees who are wearing mechanically passive damping prosthesis, the lack of ability to change the damping values might expose them to injuriesand health problems. The use of magnetorheological fluid damper in prosthetic limb, which provides wide dynamic range, seems to be able to prevent these conditions from happening, due to its response to the magnetic field. The magnetorheological fluid, a type of smart material that is capable of altering its rheological property, changes its viscosity subjected to the intensity of the external magnetic field. Thus, due to this property, magnetorheological fluid damper covers the advantages of both passive and active dampers. This work explores the implementation of magneto-rheological fluid damper in transtibial (below knee) prosthetic limb utilizing adaptive control techniques via simulation studies. An experimental study was done to observe the relationship of the force generated by the damper to the applied current. In addition, fuzzy-proportional–integral–derivative controller was implemented to ensure that the damper performs well, even at varying frequencies

Real-time wearable device for predicting a long covid patient's condition

This paper aims to develop a wearable device that can be able to Predict the long covid-19 patients’ conditions, to notify the doctors on a real-time basis. Long covid-19 patients suffer a lot during their daily activities especially if the lasting symptom is related to the respiratory system. By developing a system, that is easy and comfortable to wear during normal daily life, we believe that we will be able to predict the long covid-19 patients’ condition. The system should first detect and analyze the patient’s breathing pattern using artificial intelligence then store the patient’s breathing pattern along with his status in an online database, then notify the doctors in case of a critical situation. To train the model the breathing pattern of current long covid patients and normal people was captured during doing daily activities such as walking, sitting, and climbing stairs. We hope that the developed system will help in easing the suffering of long covid patients by providing better monitoring of their health

Semi-active vibration control using experimental model of magnetorheological damper with adaptive F-PID controller

The aim of this research is to develop a new method to use magnetorheological (MR) damper for vibration control. It is a new way to achieve the MR damper response without the need to have detailed constant parameters estimations. The methodology adopted in designing the control structure in this work is based on the experimental results. In order to investigate and understand the behaviour of an MR damper, an experiment is first conducted. Force-displacement and force-velocity responses with varying current have been established to model the MR damper. The force for upward and downward motions of the damper piston is found to be increasing with current and velocity. In cyclic motion, which is the combination of upward and downward motions of the piston, the force with hysteresis behaviour is seen to be increasing with current. In addition, the energy dissipated is also found to be linear with current. A proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, based on the established characteristics for a quarter car suspension model, has been adapted in this study. A fuzzy rule based PID controller (F-PID) is opted to achieve better response for a varying frequency input. The outcome of this study can be used in the modelling of MR damper and applied to control engineering. Moreover, the identified behaviour can help in further development of the MR damper technology

Active Vibration Isolation System (AVIS) using a voice coil actuator to improve free space optics communication

n Free Space Optic communication (FSOC), transmitter and receiver's alignment is vital to maintain the line of sight during the whole communication period. This is critical in data transmission over a long-distance. Vibration at either receiver or transmitter, causes misalignment and this affects FSOC. In this paper, AVIS, which can actively isolate FSO devices from low-frequency vibration from the ground, is designed and developed. The main goal is to reduce vibration from the top plate of the system where the telescope of the FSOC system is placed. An analytical model of the active vibration isolation is derived, and then the real prototype is fabricated. An imbalance mass system is used as an exciter for the system. Furthermore, for the cost-saving factor, a voice coil actuator which is modified from a conventional loudspeaker is used as an actuator for the system. LQR controller is implemented by using LabVIEW. The results show that the displacement level of the system with excitation frequencies 6 Hz, 12 Hz and 18 Hz are reduced more than 85 %. Moreover, it is proven that the loudspeaker not only costs lower but also gives a good performance for an AVIS

Optimal piezoelectric beam shape for single and broadband vibration energy harvesting: modeling, simulation and experimental results

Harvesting energy from the surroundings has become a new trend in saving our environment. Among the established ones are solar panels, wind turbines and hydroelectric generators which have successfully grown in meeting the world’s energy demand. However, for low powered electronic devices; especially when being placed in a remote area, micro scale energy harvesting is preferable. One of the popular methods is via vibration energy scavenging which converts mechanical energy (from vibration) to electrical energy by the effect of coupling between mechanical variables and electric or magnetic fields. As the voltage generated greatly depends on the geometry and size of the piezoelectric material, there is a need to define an optimum shape and configuration of the piezoelectric energy scavenger. In this research, mathematical derivations for unimorph piezoelectric energy harvester are presented. Simulation is done using MATLAB and COMSOL Multiphysics software to study the effect of varying the length and shape of the beam to the generated voltage. Experimental results comparing triangular and rectangular shaped piezoelectric beam are also presented

Particle swarm optimization approach in route navigation for PoSVI-Cane

Conventional white canes have been used for ages to help those with visual impairment to scan their surroundings as well as detecting potential obstacles. But these canes are not capable of providing any other information, nor helping the blinds to travel independently and efficiently. Hence, numerous research and solutions have been proposed to overcome and improve the function of white canes. These devices are nevertheless expensive, becoming more unaffordable for low-income categories. Therefore, this paper presents the development of a low-cost navigation device – White Cane with Positioning Solution for Visually Impaired (PoSVI-Cane) that can assist those who are visually impaired to travel confidently, even with unfamiliar routes. In this work, path planning component is embedded to the normal white cane, which further improve its function. Here, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) path planning algorithm computes the shortest possible path based on the collection of coordinates along the pedestrian walkway. Results from the experiments shows that employing PSO algorithm in the device manage to assist VIP to travel independently. The cost of path at the optimal route is 823 at 40 iterations. In addition, only low-cost components are used to ensure that the total cost of the proposed cane is low, without jeopardizing its function

Optimal piezoelectric shunt damper using enhanced synthetic inductor: simulation and experimental validation

Piezoelectric material has the ability to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy and vice versa, making it suitable for use as an actuator and sensor. When used as a controller in sensor mode, the piezoelectric transducer is connected to an external electrical circuit where the converted electrical energy will be dissipated through Joule heat; also known as piezoelectric shunt damper (PSD). In this work, a PSD is used to dampen the first resonance of a cantilever beam by connecting its terminal to an RL shunt circuit configured in series. The optimal resistance and inductance values for maximum energy dissipation are determined by matching the parameters to the first resonant frequency of the cantilever beam, where R = 78.28 kΩ and L = 2.9 kH are found to be the optimal values. To realize the large inductance value, a synthetic inductor is utilized and here, the design is enhanced by introducing a polarized capacitor to avoid impedance mismatch. The mathematical modelling of a cantilever beam attached with a PSD is derived and simulated where 70% vibration reduction is seen in COMSOL. From experimental study, the vibration reduction obtained when using the piezoelectric shunt circuit with enhanced synthetic inductor is found to be 67.4% at 15.2 Hz. Results from this study can be used to improve PSD design for structural vibration control at targeted resonance with obvious peak

Miniaturised robotic guide dog: for visually impaired travelling assistance

Visual impairment (VI) has gained increasing concern in the eyecare realm due to rising population in society globally. Over 1 billion are compelled to live with this condition simply because they cannot get the treatment and cure that they needed. Visual impairment, especially in developed countries, has serious implications. Its detrimental effects reduce the ability of individuals affected to work independently and can have a negative impact on personal and quality of life. The visually disabled person had to depend on another person whenever they had to walk around. This contributes to the lack of motivation to travel alone for the visually impaired person. Navigation plays a fundamental role amongst the activities that affected by visual impairment. Their ability to move independently in safety are restricted and difficult. The world has become more and more involved in supporting the disabled persons to improve their life by providing many healthcare systems. Even though there is modernized solution that exist nowadays but there are also disadvantages to that which are the possibility of poor connectivity, poor video performance in specific situations (like low-ambient light, high dynamic contrast scenes or motion blur) and the cost of training and employing guidance personnel. Thus, this book showcased the design of the miniaturised robotic device to help visually impaired in mobility by using ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacle and notifies the user using haptile feedback if there are obstacles that may lie ahead of the user’s path. This book also explores on the implementation of IoT into this miniaturized robot by pairing mobile phone to it for GPS tracking and navigate the user to arrive their destination safely

A wheelchair sitting posture detection system using pressure sensors

The usage of machine learning in the healthcare system, especially in monitoring those who are using a wheelchair for their mobility has also helped to improve their quality of life in preventing any serious life-time risk, such as the development of pressure ulcers due to the prolonged sitting on the wheelchair. To date, the amount of research on the sitting posture detection on wheelchairs is very small. Thus, this study aimed to develop a sitting posture detection system that predominantly focuses on monitoring and detecting the sitting posture of a wheelchair user by using pressure sensors to avoid any possible discomfort and musculoskeletal disease resulting from prolonged sitting on the wheelchair. Five healthy subjects participated in this research. Five typical sitting postures by the wheelchair user, including the posture that applies a force on the backrest plate, were identified and classified. There were four pressure sensors attached to the seat plate of the wheelchair and two pressure sensors attached to the back rest. Three classification algorithms based on the supervised learning of machine learning, such as support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF),and decision tree (DT) were used to classify the postures which produced an accuracy of 95.44%, 98.72%,and 98.80%, respectively. All the classification algorithms were evaluated by using the k-fold cross validation method. A graphical-user interface (GUI) based application was developed using the algorithm with the highest accuracy, DT classifier, to illustrate the result of the posture classification to the wheelchair user for any posture correction to be made in case of improper sitting posture detected