Isolation of an alveolar septum by laser-assisted microdissection and manipulation from a hemalaun stained frozen lung section (magnification 200×)

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Identification of proteins in laser-microdissected small cell numbers by SELDI-TOF and Tandem MS"</p><p>BMC Biotechnology 2004;4():30-30.</p><p>Published online 3 Dec 2004</p><p>PMCID:PMC539305.</p><p>Copyright © 2004 Kwapiszewska et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</p> A) Alveolar septum is selected for isolation. B) Laser photolysis is used to disconnect the cells from adjacent ones. C) Septum cells adhere tightly to the approximated sterile needle and can be transferred into a reaction tube

A. Relative expression of mRNA of GLUT4 in m. rectus femoris, m. soleus, and m. gastrocnemius of ET and ST group relative to respective control.

<p>Values of CT group were set to 100%. */^# indicates significant differences to control and ET respectively (p<0.05). B. Expression of GLUT4 proteins in total membrane and cytosolic fraction of m. rectus femoris in mice of the CT, ET and ST group. Values of CT group were set to 100%. Gels were spliced to present the results from the strength training (ST) in the consecutive sequence according to figures. * shows significant differences as indicated (p<0.05). Ponceau S staining demonstrates equal loading of proteins. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.</p

Relation of type II to type I fibers in m. rectus femoris, m. soleus, and m. gastrocnemius in CT, ET and ST groups after training (A).

<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079069#pone-0079069-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2B</a> shows representative pictures from fiber typing in different groups. Data are given as means ± SEM, for all figures * indicate significant differences to CT group (p<0.05), # indicates differences to ST group (p<0.05).</p

Relative expression of mRNA of PFK and SDHa in m. rectus femoris, m. soleus, and m. gastrocnemius of ET and ST group relative to respective control.

<p>Values of CT group were set to 100%. */** indicates significant differences to control (p<0.05, p<0.01).</p

External view of the equipment for strength training and mice during strength exercise training.

<p>External view of the equipment for strength training and mice during strength exercise training.</p

A. Relative expression of mRNA of GLUT4 in m. rectus femoris, m. soleus, and m. gastrocnemius of hfET and hfST group relative to respective control.

<p>Values of CT group were set to 100%. */** indicates significant differences to hfST (p<0.05/p<0.01). B. Expression of GLUT4 proteins in total membrane and cytosolic fraction of m. rectus femoris in mice of the hfCT, hfET and hfST group. Gels were spliced to present the results from the hf strength training (hfST) in the consecutive sequence according to figures.*shows significant differences as indicated (p<0.05).Ponceau S staining demonstrates equal loading of proteins. Data are presented as means ± SEM.</p

Mean diameter of type I fibers (A) and type II fibers (B) of m. rectus femoris, m. soleus, and m. gastrocnemius in CT, ET and ST groups after training.

<p>Data are given as means ± SEM, for all figures * indicates significant differences between groups (p<0.05).</p

Cigarette Smoke-Induced Emphysema and Pulmonary Hypertension Can Be Prevented by Phosphodiesterase 4 and 5 Inhibition in Mice

<div><p>Rationale</p><p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a widespread disease, with no curative therapies available. Recent findings suggest a key role of NO and sGC-cGMP signaling for the pathogenesis of the disease. Previous data suggest a downregulation/inactivation of the cGMP producing soluble guanylate cyclase, and sGC stimulation prevented cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and pulmonary hypertension (PH) in mice. We thus aimed to investigate if the inhibition of the cGMP degrading phosphodiesterase (PDE)5 has similar effects. Results were compared to the effects of a PDE 4 inhibitor (cAMP elevating) and a combination of both.</p><p>Methods</p><p>C57BL6/J mice were chronically exposed to cigarette smoke and in parallel either treated with Tadalafil (PDE5 inhibitor), Piclamilast (PDE4 inhibitor) or both. Functional measurements (lung compliance, hemodynamics) and structural investigations (alveolar and vascular morphometry) as well as the heart ratio were determined after 6 months of tobacco smoke exposure. In addition, the number of alveolar macrophages in the respective lungs was counted.</p><p>Results</p><p>Preventive treatment with Tadalafil, Piclamilast or a combination of both almost completely prevented the development of emphysema, the increase in lung compliance, tidal volume, structural remodeling of the lung vasculature, right ventricular systolic pressure, and right ventricular hypertrophy induced by cigarette smoke exposure. Single, but not combination treatment prevented or reduced smoke-induced increase in alveolar macrophages.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and PH could be prevented by inhibition of the phosphodiesterases 4 and 5 in mice.</p></div

Body weight of mice of CT, ET and ST groups before (pre), during (5 weeks) and at the end (10 weeks) of the interventions.

<p>Data are given as means ± SEM, for all figures # indicates significant differences to pre training (p<0.05).</p

Blood glucose levels after at T0before (T0), 30 min after (T1), 60 min after (T2), and 2 h after (T3) intraperitoneal application of 2 g glucose.

<p># indicates significant differences of hfCT to all other groups, * indicates significant differences of CT to all other groups, § indicates significant differences to ET group (p<0.05).</p