Speaker- versus listener-oriented disfluency: A re-examination of arguments and assumptions from autism spectrum disorder

We re-evaluate conclusions about disfluency production in high-functioning forms of autism spectrum disorder (HFA). Previous studies examined individuals with HFA to address a theoretical question regarding speaker- and listener-oriented disfluencies. Individuals with HFA tend to be self-centric and have poor pragmatic language skills, and should be less likely to produce listener-oriented disfluency. However, previous studies did not account for individual differences variables that affect disfluency. We show that both matched and unmatched controls produce fewer repairs than individuals with HFA. For silent pauses, there was no difference between matched controls and HFA, but both groups produced more than unmatched controls. These results identify limitations in prior research and shed light on the relationship between autism spectrum disorders and disfluent speech

Network capitalism and the role of strategy, contracts and performance expectations for Asia-Pacific innovation partnerships

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018. With the growth of emerging economies in Asia-Pacific over the last three decades collaboration with the aim of innovation between firms within and with partners outside the region have developed substantially. Not always have such partnerships fulfilled their anticipated strategic objectives. The literature suggests that the nature of market arrangements and the role of government within that system play a role, but also innate contracting practices and governance of innovation partnerships are related. Yet, our understanding about the specific relationships between these factors and the emerging partnership innovation culture that facilitates joint business activities in an Asia-Pacific context remains vague. In this conceptual chapter we suggest how characteristics of so called network capitalism in conjunction with the nature of contractual agreements between partners, the alignment of their innovation objectives and the ambiguity inherent in their mutual contributions to the partnership can be interpreted as indicators of joint innovation culture. However, while innovation partnerships generally may result to be bureaucratic, market, clan, or adhocracy, we discuss how in an Asia Pacific context, innovation partnerships are limited by the extent of codification and diffusion of information and the social embeddedness of economic transactions

Lexical retrieval from fragments of spoken words : beginnings vs endings

The present paper examines the relative contribution of initiaJ and finaJ fragments of spoken words to lexicaJ retrieval. An experiment is reported in which each stimulus is either an initial or final fragment, and contains just enough in formation to distinguish the intended word uniquely from all other wordsin the lexicon. InitiaJ fragments give a probability of correct retrieval of 0.89, finaJ fragmentsof 0.61. These vaJues are essentially the same when the subjects have already been presented with the complementary fragments of the same words but then failed to retrieve them. When they did, earlier in the session, retrieve the words from the complementary fragments, the probability of correct retrieval increases to 0.99 for initia! and 0.92 for final fragments. Response latencies are generally shorter for initiaJ than for fmaJ fragments. For initial fragments response latencies are the same whether the word is retrieved for the first or for the second time, and thus, in this case, do not correlate with the probability of correct retrieval. The main findings of this experiment support a model of lexical access basedon firstorder context~ensitive coding of speech with a weighting of sensory in formation according to its position in the word. Such a model is exemplified by Marcus (1980). It is further concluded that the decision process in word retrieval is monitored in a more complex way than can be accounted for by a threshold-type model of the kind proposed by Morton ( 1969). FinaJly, some predictions are made with respect to the distri bution of information over lexica! items in the languages of the world