4,430 research outputs found
Fluctuation-enhanced electric conductivity in electrolyte solutions
In this letter we analyze the effects of an externally applied electric field
on thermal fluctuations for a fluid containing charged species. We show in
particular that the fluctuating Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations for charged
multispecies diffusion coupled with the fluctuating fluid momentum equation,
result in enhanced charge transport. Although this transport is advective in
nature, it can macroscopically be represented as electrodiffusion with
renormalized electric conductivity. We calculate the renormalized electric
conductivity by deriving and integrating the structure factor coefficients of
the fluctuating quantities and show that the renormalized electric conductivity
and diffusion coefficients are consistent although they originate from
different noise terms. In addition, the fluctuating hydrodynamics approach
recovers the electrophoretic and relaxation corrections obtained by
Debye-Huckel-Onsager theory, and provides a quantitative theory that predicts a
non-zero cross-diffusion Maxwell-Stefan coefficient that agrees well with
experimental measurements. Finally, we show that strong applied electric fields
result in anisotropically enhanced velocity fluctuations and reduced
fluctuations of salt concentrations.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figur
Low Mach Number Fluctuating Hydrodynamics for Electrolytes
We formulate and study computationally the low Mach number fluctuating
hydrodynamic equations for electrolyte solutions. We are interested in studying
transport in mixtures of charged species at the mesoscale, down to scales below
the Debye length, where thermal fluctuations have a significant impact on the
dynamics. Continuing our previous work on fluctuating hydrodynamics of
multicomponent mixtures of incompressible isothermal miscible liquids (A.
Donev, et al., Physics of Fluids, 27, 3, 2015), we now include the effect of
charged species using a quasielectrostatic approximation. Localized charges
create an electric field, which in turn provides additional forcing in the mass
and momentum equations. Our low Mach number formulation eliminates sound waves
from the fully compressible formulation and leads to a more computationally
efficient quasi-incompressible formulation. We demonstrate our ability to model
saltwater (NaCl) solutions in both equilibrium and nonequilibrium settings. We
show that our algorithm is second-order in the deterministic setting, and for
length scales much greater than the Debye length gives results consistent with
an electroneutral/ambipolar approximation. In the stochastic setting, our model
captures the predicted dynamics of equilibrium and nonequilibrium fluctuations.
We also identify and model an instability that appears when diffusive mixing
occurs in the presence of an applied electric field.Comment: 37 pages, 5 figure
Organizational impact of evidence-informed decision making training initiatives : a case study comparison of two approaches
Background
The impact of efforts by healthcare organizations to enhance the use of evidence to improve organizational processes through training programs has seldom been assessed. We therefore endeavored to assess whether and how the training of mid- and senior-level healthcare managers could lead to organizational change.
Methods
We conducted a theory-driven evaluation of the organizational impact of healthcare leaders’ participation in two training programs using a logic model based on Nonaka’s theory of knowledge conversion. We analyzed six case studies nested within the two programs using three embedded units of analysis (individual, group and organization). Interviews were conducted during intensive one-week data collection site visits. A total of 84 people were interviewed.
Results
We found that the impact of training could primarily be felt in trainees’ immediate work environments. The conversion of attitudes was found to be easier to achieve than the conversion of skills. Our results show that, although socialization and externalization were common in all cases, a lack of combination impeded the conversion of skills. We also identified several individual, organizational and program design factors that facilitated and/or impeded the dissemination of the attitudes and skills gained by trainees to other organizational members.
Conclusions
Our theory-driven evaluation showed that factors before, during and after training can influence the extent of skills and knowledge transfer. Our evaluation went further than previous research by revealing the influence—both positive and negative—of specific organizational factors on extending the impact of training programs
Metachronal wave and hydrodynamic interaction for deterministic switching rowers
We employ a model system, called rowers, as a generic physical framework to
define the problem of the coordinated motion of cilia (the metachronal wave) as
a far from equilibrium process. Rowers are active (two-state) oscillators
interacting solely through forces of hydrodynamic origin. In this work, we
consider the case of fully deterministic dynamics, find analytical solutions of
the equation of motion in the long wavelength (continuum) limit, and
investigate numerically the short wavelength limit. We prove the existence of
metachronal waves below a characteristic wavelength. Such waves are unstable
and become stable only if the sign of the coupling is reversed. We also find
that with normal hydrodynamic interaction the metachronal pattern has the form
of stable trains of traveling wave packets sustained by the onset of
anti-coordinated beating of consecutive rowers.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figure
Charge diffusion constant in hot and dense hadronic matter - A Hadro-molecular-dynamic calculation
We evaluate charge diffusion constant of dense and hot hadronic matter based
on the molecular dynamical method by using a hadronic collision generator which
describes nuclear collisions at energies 10 < E < 100 GeV/A and satisfies
detailed balance at low temperatures (T < 200 MeV). For the hot and dense
hadronic matter of the temperature range, 100 < T < 200 MeV and baryon number
density, 0.16 < nB < 0.32 fm^-3, charge diffusion constant D gradually
increases from 0.5 fm c to 2 fm c with temperature and is almost independent of
baryon number density. Based on the obtained diffusion constant we make simple
discussions on the diffusion of charge fluctuation in ultrarelativistic nuclear
collisions.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figure
QGP flow fluctuations and the characteristics of higher moments
The dynamical development of expanding Quark-gluon Plasma (QGP) flow is
studied in a 3+1D fluid dynamical model with a globally symmetric, initial
condition. We minimize fluctuations arising from complex dynamical processes at
finite impact parameters and from fluctuating random initial conditions to have
a conservative fluid dynamical background estimate for the statistical
distributions of the thermodynamical parameters. We also avoid a phase
transition in the equation of state, and we let the matter supercool during the
expansion.
Then central Pb+Pb collisions at TeV are studied in an
almost perfect fluid dynamical model, with azimuthally symmetric initial state
generated in a dynamical flux-tube model. The general development of
thermodynamical extensives are also shown for lower energies.
We observe considerable deviations from a thermal equilibrium source as a
consequence of the fluid dynamical expansion arising from a least fluctuating
initial state
On the Suppression and Distortion of Non-Equilibrium Fluctuations by Transpiration
A fluid in a non-equilibrium state exhibits long-ranged correlations of its
hydrodynamic fluctuations. In this article, we examine the effect of a
transpiration interface on these correlations -- specifically, we consider a
dilute gas in a domain bisected by the interface. The system is held in a
non-equilibrium steady state by using isothermal walls to impose a temperature
gradient. The gas is simulated using both direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC)
and fluctuating hydrodynamics (FHD). For the FHD simulations two models are
developed for the interface based on master equation and Langevin approaches.
For appropriate simulation parameters, good agreement is observed between DSMC
and FHD results with the latter showing a significant advantage in
computational speed. For each approach we quantify the effects of transpiration
on long-ranged correlations in the hydrodynamic variables
Hydrodynamical evolution near the QCD critical end point
Hydrodynamical calculations have been successful in describing global
observables in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions, which aim to observe the
production of the quark-gluon plasma. On the other hand, recently, a lot of
evidence that there exists a critical end point (CEP) in the QCD phase diagram
has been accumulating. Nevertheless, so far, no equation of state with the CEP
has been employed in hydrodynamical calculations. In this paper, we construct
the equation of state with the CEP on the basis of the universality hypothesis
and show that the CEP acts as an attractor of isentropic trajectories. We also
consider the time evolution in the case with the CEP and discuss how the CEP
affects the final state observables, such as the correlation length,
fluctuation, chemical freezeout, kinetic freezeout, and so on. Finally, we
argue that the anomalously low kinetic freezeout temperature at the BNL
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider suggests the possibility of the existence of
the CEP.Comment: 13 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review
- …