Identification de protéines interagissant avec les facteurs de transcription AP-2 et contribuant à la surexpression du gène ERBB2 dans le cancer du sein.

Le cancer du sein est le cancer le plus fréquent chez la femme (Boyle and Ferlay, 2005; Ferlay et al., 2007). Même si les traitements sont de plus en plus efficaces, il est responsable d’environ 130 000 décès en Europe. Environ 20-30% des cancers du sein surexprime le gène ERBB2. Cette surexpression confère à la cellule un profil tumoral très agressif, et résistant aux chimiothérapies conventionnelles. L’étude des facteurs responsable de la surexpression du gène ERBB2 dans les cancers du sein est le thème principal de recherche du laboratoire d’oncologie moléculaire. Notre laboratoire, a étudié les mécanismes moléculaires responsables de la surexpression du gène ERBB2 dans les cancers du sein. Nous avons montré que la surexpression est la conséquence d’une stimulation de la transcription et non de la stabilisation de l’ARN (Pasleau et al., 1993).Pour étudier la régulation de la transcription un fragment de 6 kb du promoteur du gène ERBB2 a été cloné et séquencé. Différentes régions régulatrices ont été identifiées (Grooteclaes et al., 1994). Plusieurs sites de liaison pour des facteurs AP-2 ont été identifiés (Delacroix et al., 2005; Grooteclaes et al., 1999; Vernimmen et al., 2003a). La fixation des facteurs au promoteur a été vérifiée par Chromatin Immuniprecipitation (ChIP assay) (Begon et al., 2005; Delacroix et al., 2005).Afin de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement des facteurs de transcription AP-2, nous avons cherché les protéines interagissant avec ce facteur et contribuant à la surexpression d’ERBB2 dans des lignées de cancer du sein. Précédemment, Dominique Begon a montré l’interaction de la protéine YY1 avec le facteur de transcription AP-2alpha et leur implication sur le promoteur du gène ERBB2 (Begon et al., 2005). La première partie de mon travail a été de mettre en corrélation par immunohistochimie l’expression des protéines YY1 et AP-2alpha avec la surexpression d’ERBB2 dans des tumeurs primaires. Nous avons également voulu étudier l’effet d’une diminution des protéines YY1 et AP-2 sur l’expression d’ERBB2, à l’aide de siRNAs (Voir article 1 en annexe, (Allouche A and Nolens G. et al., 2008). La deuxième partie de ce travail a porté sur l’identification d’autres protéines pouvant interagir avec les protéines AP-2. Après purification, les protéines Ku70 et Ku80 furent identifiées. Nous avons voulu étudier l’effet de cette interaction sur l’activité des protéines AP-2 (alpha et gamma;) et sur l’expression d’ERBB2 (voir article 2 en annexe)

Hydroxyapatite 3D-printed scaffolds with Gyroid-Triply periodic minimal surface porous structure:Fabrication and an in vivo pilot study in sheep

Bone repair is a major challenge in regenerative medicine, e.g. for large defects. There is a need for bioactive, highly percolating bone substitutes favoring bone ingrowth and tissue healing. Here, a modern 3D printing approach (VAT photopolymerization) was exploited to fabricate hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds with a Gyroid-“Triply periodic minimal surface” (TPMS) porous structure (65% porosity, 90.5% HA densification) inspired from trabecular bone. Percolation and absorption capacities were analyzed in gaseous and liquid conditions. Mechanical properties relevant to guided bone regeneration in non-load bearing sites, as for maxillofacial contour reconstruction, were evidenced from 3-point bending tests and macrospherical indentation. Scaffolds were implanted in a clinically-relevant large animal model (sheep femur), over 6 months, enabling thorough analyses at short (4 weeks) and long (26 weeks) time points. In vivo performances were systematically compared to the bovine bone-derived Bio-OssⓇ standard. The local tissue response was examined thoroughly by semi-quantitative histopathology. Results demonstrated the absence of toxicity. Bone healing was assessed by bone dynamics analysis through epifluorescence using various fluorochromes and quantitative histomorphometry. Performant bone regeneration was evidenced with similar overall performances to the control, although the Gyroid biomaterial slightly outperformed Bio-OssⓇ at early healing time in terms of osteointegration and appositional mineralization. This work is considered a pilot study on the in vivo evaluation of TPMS-based 3D porous scaffolds in a large animal model, for an extended period of time, and in comparison to a clinical standard. Our results confirm the relevance of such scaffolds for bone regeneration in view of clinical practice. Statement of significance: Bone repair, e.g. for large bone defects or patients with defective vascularization is still a major challenge. Highly percolating TPMS porous structures have recently emerged, but no in vivo data were reported on a large animal model of clinical relevance and comparing to an international standard. Here, we fabricated TPMS scaffolds of HA, determined their chemical, percolation and mechanical features, and ran an in-depth pilot study in the sheep with a systematic comparison to the Bio-OssⓇ reference. Our results clearly show the high bone-forming capability of such scaffolds, with outcomes even better than Bio-OssⓇ at short implantation time. This preclinical work provides quantitative data validating the relevance of such TMPS porous scaffolds for bone regeneration in view of clinical evaluation.</p

Ku proteins interact with activator protein-2 transcription factors and contribute to ERBB2 overexpression in breast cancer cell lines

INTRODUCTION: Activator protein-2 (AP-2) alpha and AP-2 gamma transcription factors contribute to ERBB2 gene overexpression in breast cancer. In order to understand the mechanism by which the ERBB2 gene is overexpressed we searched for novel AP-2 interacting factors that contribute to its activity. METHODS: Ku proteins were identified as AP-2 alpha interacting proteins by glutathione serine transferase (GST)-pull down followed by mass spectrometry. Transfection of the cells with siRNA, expression vectors and reporter vectors as well as chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay were used to ascertain the implication of Ku proteins on ERBB2 expression. RESULTS: Nuclear proteins from BT-474 cells overexpressing AP-2 alpha and AP-2 gamma were incubated with GST-AP2 or GST coated beads. Among the proteins retained specifically on GST-AP2 coated beads Ku70 and Ku80 proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. The contribution of Ku proteins to ERBB2 gene expression in BT-474 and SKBR3 cell lines was investigated by downregulating Ku proteins through the use of specific siRNAs. Depletion of Ku proteins led to downregulation of ERBB2 mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, reduction of Ku80 in HCT116 cell line decreased the AP-2 alpha activity on a reporter vector containing an AP-2 binding site linked to the ERBB2 core promoter, and transfection of Ku80 increased the activity of AP-2 alpha on this promoter. Ku siRNAs also inhibited the activity of this reporter vector in BT-474 and SKBR3 cell lines and the activity of the ERBB2 promoter was further reduced by combining Ku siRNAs with AP-2 alpha and AP-2 gamma siRNAs. ChIP experiments with chromatin extracted from wild type or AP-2 alpha and AP-2 gamma or Ku70 siRNA transfected BT-474 cells demonstrated Ku70 recruitment to the ERBB2 proximal promoter in association with AP-2 alpha and AP-2 gamma. Moreover, Ku70 siRNA like AP-2 siRNAs, greatly reduced PolII recruitment to the ERBB2 proximal promoter. CONCLUSIONS: Ku proteins in interaction with AP-2 (alpha and gamma) contribute to increased ERBB2 mRNA and protein levels in breast cancer cells

Androgen receptor controls EGFR and ERBB2 gene expression at different levels in prostate cancer cell lines.

EGFR or ERBB2 contributes to prostate cancer (PCa) progression by activating the androgen receptor (AR) in hormone-poor conditions. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which androgens regulate EGFR and ERBB2 expression in PCa cells. In steroid-depleted medium (SDM), EGFR protein was less abundant in androgen-sensitive LNCaP than in androgen ablation-resistant 22Rv1 cells, whereas transcript levels were similar. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment increased both EGFR mRNA and protein levels and stimulated RNA polymerase II recruitment to the EGFR gene promoter, whereas it decreased ERBB2 transcript and protein levels in LNCaP cells. DHT altered neither EGFR or ERBB2 levels nor the abundance of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), TMEPA1, or TMPRSS2 mRNAs in 22Rv1 cells, which express the full-length and a shorter AR isoform deleted from the COOH-terminal domain (ARDeltaCTD). The contribution of both AR isoforms to the expression of these genes was assessed by small interfering RNAs targeting only the full-length or both AR isoforms. Silencing of both isoforms strongly reduced PSA, TMEPA1, and TMPRSS2 transcript levels. Inhibition of both AR isoforms did not affect EGFR and ERBB2 transcript levels but decreased EGFR and increased ERBB2 protein levels. Proliferation of 22Rv1 cells in SDM was inhibited in the absence of AR and ARDeltaCTD. A further decrease was obtained with PKI166, an EGFR/ERBB2 kinase inhibitor. Overall, we showed that ARDeltaCTD is responsible for constitutive EGFR expression and ERBB2 repression in 22Rv1 cells and that ARDeltaCTD and tyrosine kinase receptors are necessary for sustained 22Rv1 cell growth

In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of calcium- phosphate scaffolds 3D printed by stereolithography for bone regeneration

Stereolithography (SLA) is an interesting manufacturing technology to overcome limitations of commercially available particulated biomaterials dedicated to intra-oral bone regeneration applications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility and osteoinductive properties of two CaP-based scaffolds manufactured by SLA 3D printing. Pellets and macro-porous scaffolds were manufactured in pure hydroxyapatite (HA) and in biphasic CaP (HA:60-TCP:40). Physico- chemical characterization was performed using Micro X-ray Fluorescence (μXRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), optical interferometry and microtomography (μCT) analyses. Osteoblast-like MG-63 cells were used to evaluate the biocompatibility of the pellets in vitro with MTS assay and the cell morphology and growth characterized by SEM and DAPI-actin staining showed similar early behavior. For in vivo biocompatibility, newly formed bone and biodegradability ofthe experimental scaffolds were evaluated in a subperiosteal cranial rat model using μCT and descriptive histology. The histological analysis has not indicated evidences of inflammation but highlighted close contacts between newly formed bone and the experimental biomaterials revealing an excellent scaffold osseointegration. This study emphasizes the relevance of SLA 3D printing of CaP-based biomaterials for intra-oral bone regeneration even if manufacturing accuracy has to be improved and further experiments using biomimetic scaffolds should be conducted