Standard deviation of the lateral position of the center of pressure (<i>y</i>_<i>COP</i>) versus speed.

<p>The standard deviation of the lateral position of the center of pressure decreases significantly with increasing speed (F = 25.294, p < 0.001). Although it may appear that cyclists exhibit less variation in the center of pressure position than non-cyclists, there was not a significant difference between the two groups (F = 3.695, p = 0.059). All subject data are shown; connected points indicate data from the same subject.</p

Bicycle roll rate () and steer rate () versus time.

<p>Data from a representative trial (non-cyclist, <i>v</i> = 7.96 m/s) demonstrates that the steer rate () lags and is correlated to the bicycle roll rate () during riding.</p

A subject riding the instrumented bicycle on the training rollers.

<p>The training rollers were bolted to a force platform via four brackets attached to the rectangular frame on which the rollers were mounted.</p

Cross-correlation of steer rate () to bicycle roll rate () versus speed.

<p>The cross-correlation decreases significantly with increasing speed (F = 34.307, p < 0.001) and decreases significantly more with increasing speed for cyclists than non-cyclists (F = 4.650, p = 0.035). All subject data are shown; connected points indicate data from the same subject.</p

Lateral center of pressure location (<i>y</i>_<i>COP</i>) and center of mass location (<i>y</i>_<i>COM</i>) versus time.

<p>Data from a representative trial (non-cyclist, <i>v</i> = 7.46 m/s) demonstrates the lateral center of mass location closely tracks the lateral center of pressure location during bicycle riding.</p

Cross-correlation of the lateral position of the center of mass (<i>y</i>_<i>COM</i>) to the center of pressure (<i>y</i>_<i>COP</i>) versus speed.

<p>The cross-correlation decreased significantly with increasing speed (F = 29.113, p < 0.001) and decreased significantly more with increasing speed for non-cyclists than cyclists (F = 14.843, p < 0.001). All subject data are shown; connected points indicate data from the same subject.</p

Force and moment measurements from the force platform were used to calculate the rider-bicycle system COM and COP locations in the lateral or y-direction.

<p>The ground reaction forces (<i>F</i>_<i>x</i>, <i>F</i>_<i>y</i>, <i>F</i>_<i>z</i>) and moments (<i>M</i>_<i>x</i>, <i>M</i>_<i>y</i>, <i>M</i>_<i>z</i>) were measured by the force platform beneath the rollers. The bicycle rides on an effective ground surface located a distance <i>d</i>_<i>z</i> above the force platform.</p

Standard deviation of rider lean angle (<i>ϕ</i>_<i>lean</i>) versus speed.

<p>Cyclists exhibit significantly less rider lean than non-cyclists (F = 19.643, p < 0.001). All subject data are shown; connected points indicate data from the same subject.</p

Bicycle roll angle (<i>ϕ</i>) and rider lean angle (<i>ϕ</i>_<i>lean</i>) versus time.

<p>Data from a representative trial (cyclist, <i>v</i> = 2.526 m/s) demonstrates that rider lean (<i>ϕ</i>_<i>lean</i>) is highly correlated, but negatively so, with bicycle roll angle (<i>ϕ</i>).</p

Average positive steering power versus speed.

<p>All riders developed less positive power to steer the bicycle as speed increased (F = 10.547, p = 0.002). Cyclists developed less positive power than non-cyclists (F = 19.213, p < 0.001). All subject data are shown; connected points indicate data from the same subject.</p