17,502 research outputs found
Social work education, training and standards in the Asia-Pacific region
This article discusses the joint project between the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) and the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) to establish guidelines for the training and standard setting that elucidates what social work represents on a global level. While it is impossible to address all the issues that might be significant in such a large scope, attention is given to the challenges establishing global standards might encounter in a region as diverse as the Asia-Pacific
The coevolution of costly heterogeneities and cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma game
This paper discusses the co-evolution of social strategies and an efficiency trait in spatial evolutionary games. The continuous efficiency trait determines how well a player can convert gains from a prisoner's dilemma game into evolutionary fitness. It is assumed to come at a cost proportional to its magnitude and this cost is deducted from payoff. We demonstrate that cost ranges exist such that the regime in which cooperation can persist is strongly extended by the co-evolution of efficiencies and strategies. We find that cooperation typically associates with large efficiencies while defection tends to pair with lower efficiencies. The simulations highlight that social dilemma situations in structured populations can be resolved in a natural way: the nature of the dilemma itself leads to differential pressures for efficiency improvement in cooperator and defector populations. Cooperators benefit by larger improvements which allow them to survive even in the face of inferior performance in the social dilemma. Importantly, the mechanism is possible with and without the presence of noise in the evolutionary replication process
Social learning mechanisms compared in a simple environment
Social learning can be adaptive, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Many researchers have focused on imitation but this may have led to simpler mechanisms being underestimated. We demonstrate in simulation that imitative learning is not always the best strategy for a group-living animal, and that the effectiveness of any such strategy will depend on details of the environment and the animal's lifestyle. We show that observations of behavioural convergence or "traditions" might suggest effective social learning, but are meaningless considered alone
Foldy-Wouthuysen Transformation, Scalar Potentials and Gravity
We show that care is required in formulating the nonrelativistic limit of
generalized Dirac Hamiltonians which describe particles and antiparticles
interacting with static electric and/or gravitational fields. The Dirac-Coulomb
and the Dirac-Schwarzschild Hamiltonians, and the corrections to the Dirac
equation in a non-inertial frame, according to general relativity, are used as
example cases in order to investigate the unitarity of the standard and
"chiral" approaches to the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation, and spurious
parity-breaking terms. Indeed, we find that parity-violating terms can be
generated by unitary pseudo-scalar transformations ("chiral" Foldy-Wouthuysen
transformations). Despite their interesting algebraic properties, we find that
"chiral" Foldy-Wouthuysen transformations change fundamental symmetry
properties of the Hamiltonian and do not conserve the physical interpretation
of the operators. Supplementing the discussion, we calculate the leading terms
in the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation of the Dirac Hamiltonian with a scalar
potential (of the (1/r)-form and of the confining radially symmetric linear
form), and obtain compact expressions for the leading higher-order corrections
to the Dirac Hamiltonian in a non-inertial rotating reference frame "Mashhoon
term").Comment: 11 pages; RevTe
The effects of periodic and continuous market environments on the performance of trading agents
Simulation experiments are conducted on simple continuous double auction (CDA) markets based on the experimental economics work of Vernon Smith. CDA models within experimental economics usually consist of a sequence of discrete trading periods or ādaysā, with allocations of stock and currency replenished at the start of each day, a situation we call āperiodicā replenishment. In our experiments we look at both periodic and continuous-replenishment versions of the CDA. In this we build on the work of Cliff and Preist (2001) with human subjects, but we replace human traders with Zero Intelligence Plus (ZIP) trading agents, a minimal algorithm that can produce equilibrating market behaviour in CDA models. Our results indicate that continuous-replenishment (CR) CDA markets are similar to conventional periodic CDA markets in their ability to show equilibration dynamics. Secondly we show that although both models produce the same behaviour of price formation, they are different playing fields, as periodic markets are more efficient over time than their continuous counterparts. We also find, however, that the volume of trade in periodic CDA markets is concentrated in the early period of each trading day, and the market is in this sense inefficient. We look at whether ZIP agents require different parameters for optimal behaviour in each market type, and find that this is indeed the case. Overall, our conclusions mirror earlier findings on the robustness of the CDA, but we stress that a CR-CDA marketplace equilibrates in a different way to a periodic one
Social learning and information sharing: an evolutionary simulation model of foraging in Norway rats
Social learning is distinguished from innate behaviour and individual learning as a behavioural strategy. We investigate simple mechanisms for social learning in an evolutionary simulation of food-preference copying in Norway rats. These animals learn preferences by interacting with conspecifics, but, unexpectedly, they fail to learn aversions after interacting with a poisoned demonstrator. They also follow each other for food sites. Simulation results show that failure to discriminate between sick and healthy demonstrators may be due to food toxicity in foraging environments. A seemingly complex instance of social information transmission is explained through the action of simple behaviours in an appropriately structured environment
Dirac Hamiltonian and Reissner-Nordstrom Metric: Coulomb Interaction in Curved Space-Time
We investigate the spin-1/2 relativistic quantum dynamics in the curved
space-time generated by a central massive charged object (black hole). This
necessitates a study of the coupling of a Dirac particle to the
Reissner-Nordstrom space-time geometry and the simultaneous covariant coupling
to the central electrostatic field. The relativistic Dirac Hamiltonian for the
Reissner-Nordstrom geometry is derived. A Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation
reveals the presence of gravitational, and electro-gravitational spin-orbit
coupling terms which generalize the Fokker precession terms found for the
Dirac-Schwarzschild Hamiltonian, and other electro-gravitational correction
terms to the potential proportional to alpha^n G, where alpha is the
fine-structure constant, and G is the gravitational coupling constant. The
particle-antiparticle symmetry found for the Dirac-Schwarzschild geometry (and
for other geometries which do not include electromagnetic interactions) is
shown to be explicitly broken due to the electrostatic coupling. The resulting
spectrum of radially symmetric, electrostatically bound systems (with
gravitational corrections) is evaluated for example cases.Comment: 11 page
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