Genetic variability for yield and yield components in Jerusalem artichoke (helianthus tuberosus l.)

Investigation of quantitative traits of Jerusalem artichoke populations was conducted on the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute of the Republic of Srpska in Banja Luka, during 2013 and 2014. The material was collected in the wider area of Republic of Srpska. The following populations were analyzed: Sibac, Modrica, Pivara, Lazarevo, Bosna, Vrbas, Gradigka and Aleksici. The trial was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The following parameters were analyzed: tuber weight (g), plant height (cm), stem number/plant, average stem thickness (cm), green mass yield/plant (kg), and dry mass yield/plant (kg). Average tuber weight ranged from 36.7 g (Bosna) to 61.0 g (Lazarevo). Plant height ranged from 1.55 m (Lazarevo) to 2.20 m (Aleksici). Stem number/plant varied from 2.2 (Aleksici) to 5.3 (Modrica). Stem thicknesswas between 1.24 cm (Bosna) and 2.11 cm (Aleksici). The population Bosna had the lowest average yield of green mass and dry mass yield/plant, while the highest mean value had population Aleksici. Broad sense heritability varied from 34.66% (plant height) to 50.99% (dry mass yield/plant). Highly significant positive correlations between plant height and stem thickness (r = 0.874), stem thickness and green mass yield (r = 0.919), stem thickness and dry mass yield (r = 0.902) were established. Jerusalem artichoke populations were clustered into two groups, and the first group was composed of two sub-groups.The results of these studies will allow choice of Jerusalem artichoke populations with better quantitative traits, and their inclusion in the program of creating new varieties

Istina je kći vremena

In 1865, Gregor Mendel presented the lectures 'Experiments in Plant Hybridization' concerning his results from cross-breeding experiments with different types of garden pea, performed in his monastery garden in Brno. Mendel studied easily observed pairs of opposite traits, such as purple or white flower, and discovered dominant and recessive traits. He concluded that parents pass separate and distinct factors (today called genes) on to their offspring that are responsible for inherited traits. However, the scientific community did not understand that; indeed it was the beginning of what becomes genetics. The lectures published in 1866, Mendel sent to more than 30 biologists across Europe, but almost no one commented them. In the next 35 years, these papers were only three times cited. The genetics became more important at the beginning of the 20th century, when three different research groups (Hugo de Vries, Carl Erich Correns and Erich von Tschermak with their co-workers) independently re-discovered Mendel's Laws of inheritance. However, as soon as the work was rediscovered, it created controversy. The closeness of Mendel's experimental observations to those predicted by his theories has led to numerous articles and ongoing debate about whether the data could have been obtained in the published form without some falsification. There have been many plausible arguments made for and against this view by a range of eminent geneticists and statisticians. Some have gone so far, as to suggest that the theories ensued from Mendel's two laws were not even correctly formulated in his original paper. The strongest supporters of Mendel's theory became biologist William Bateson and zoologist and geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan. Morgan argued that genes are located on chromosomes and that the cells chromosomes hold the actual hereditary material, thus created what is now known as classical genetics. For his discovery concerning the role play by the chromosome in heredity, Morgan received the Nobel Prize in 1933. As the architect of genetic experimental and statistical analysis, Mendel remains the acknowledged father of genetics.Rezultate ukrštanja različitih tipova vrtnog graška, koje je dobio u manastirskoj bašti u Brnu, Mendel je izneo 1865. godine u predavanju 'Eksperimenti u hibridizaciji biljaka'. Proučavajući osobine graška koje imaju lako prepozantljive dve alternative, kao što je npr. ljubičasta ili bela boja cveta, Mendel je otkrio dominantne i recesivne osobine. Zaključio je da roditelji prenose na svoje potomke posebne i različite faktore (koje danas nazivamo geni), koji su odgovorni za nasleđivanje osobina. Tadašnja naučna zajednica nije razumela da je to u stvari bio početak razvoja genetike. Predavanja su publikovana 1866. i Mendel ih je poslao na adresu više od 30 biologa širom Evrope, ali ih skoro niko nije komentarisao. U narednih 35 godina ovi radovi citirani su samo tri puta. Genetika je postala značajnija početkom 20. veka kada su istraživači iz tri različite istraživačke grupe (Hugo de Vries, Carl Erich Correns i Erich von Tschermak sa saradnicima), nezavisno jedan od drugih, ponovo otkrili Menedelove zakone. Međutim, odmah nakon ponovnog otkrića Mendelovih zakona došlo je do kontraverznih stavova. Mala odstupanja između eksperimentalnih i teorijskih frekvencija pokrenule su intenzivne debate o mogućnosti dobijanja takvih podataka, dok su neki izražavali sumnju da su podaci falsifikovani. Stavovi eminentnih statističara i genetičara u vezi Mendelove teorije kretali su se od njenog podržavanja do odbacivanja. Pojedinci su iznosili sumnju da teorije nisu pravilno postavljene ni u originalnom radu. Biolog Wiliam Bateson i zoolog i genetičar Thomas Hunt Morgan bili su najveće pristalice Mendelove teorije. Morgan je tvrdio da se geni nalaze na hromozomima, odnosno da hromozomi sadrže nasledni materijal, što je u suštini značilo promovisanje klasične genetike, za što je Morgan dobio Nobelovu nagradu. Kao osnivač genetičkih eksperimenata i statističke analize Mendel se smatra ocem genetike

Medicinal properties and main indicators of seed and oil quality of flaxseed - Linum usitatissimum L.

Linum usitatissimum L. contains up to 45% oil. Linseed oil is a favourable fatty acid composition with a high linolenic acid content. Flaxseed oil is a valuable raw material for food and medical purposes due to its fatty acid composition and high content of linolenic acid. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have shown that these compounds have therapeutic potential in several indications in neurology, psychiatry and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of flax seed oils extracted from flax seed produced under different environmental conditions. Flax seed quality is highly dependent on weather conditions in the year of flax production, therefore the influence of the extreme weather events to the seed quality traits were also examined. The material consisted of nine samples of cold extracted oil from three flax varieties. Flaxseed oil production took place at five locations from 100 m to 700 m above sea level. The results indicate that high quality flax seed oil production is conditioned with proper farm technology, weather conditions and adequate storage. Oil rancidity and self - ignition of seed appeared in a case of improper seed storage. The expansion of the oilseed flax production should be accompanied by the education of farmers and potential consumers of flax products

The influence of the biostimulator on the yield components and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba var.minor)

Faba bean is the third most important legume species after peas and beans in the world. The study on the influence of the biostimulator Slavol-S on the morphological and production characteristics of faba beans (Vicia faba var. minor) were carried out in the growing seasons of two successive years, in the agro-ecological conditions of Banja Luka. During the field research, the following parameters were analyzed: plant height (cm), number of pods per plant, pod length (cm), number of grains per pod, weight of grains per pod (g), harvest index (%) and grain yield (kg ha-1). Two-year average height of the plants in the control treatment was 81.3 cm and under the treatment with biostimulator Slavol-S it was 105.1 cm. The effect of the treatment with the biostimulator on the height was highly significant in both years. Two-year average number of pods per plant in the control treatment was 9.25, while in the treatment with the biostimulator it was 12.38. The effect of biostimulator on the number of pods per plant was highly significant. In the control variant, two year average number of seed per plant was 1.97, while biostimulator treatment provided 2.41 seeds per plant. Two year average harvest index under the treatment with biostimulator was 9.33% higher than in the control variant. The impact of biostimulants was highly statistically significant and is recommended for improving beans production

Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Yield Components in Agro–ecological Conditions of Banja Luka Region

Due to its numerous agricultural and industrial purposes, oilseed rape is a very important species. The total production of oilseed rape in the Republic of Srpska is faced with noticeable variation throughout years, with an increase in last three years. The oilseed rape yield is strongly influenced by environmental factors. The objective of this study was to analyze yield components of oilseed rape in agro–ecological conditions of Banja Luka. Four oilseed rape hybrids were used: PR46W21, PR46W20, PR46W14 and PR45DO3 in two growing seasons: 2012/13 and 2013/14. Yield components tested were: pod mass (g), seed mass per pod (g), pod index (%), number of seeds per pod and 1000–seed weight (g). Factorial 2×4 ANOVA and Fisher's LSD test were used to analyze data, with growing seasons (years) and hybrids as factors. Growing season significantly affected the pod mass (g), total seed mass per pod (g) and 1000–seed weight. Generally, higher yield component values were obtained in the second examined year (2013/14)

Prinos soje u ekstremnim godinama

The paper deals with the results of the varietal macro trials on soya in 2013 i 2014 at the location Aleksandrovac, micro trial with fertilizers at the location Aleksandrovac in 2014 and micro trial with fertilizers at the location Banja Luka in 2013. Both vegetation seasons have been characterised with very extreme weather conditions. Achieved yields (536 - 1.216 kg ha-1) in the varietal macro trial in very dry vegetation season 2013 were significantly lower than the yields (3.022 - 4.133 kg ha-1) in very rainy season in 2014. The traits of permeable, alluvial soil had dominant influence on the yield results in Aleksandrovac in the both years. The micro trials with the fertilizers were performed on the variety Sonja. Raising doses of fertilizer (MAP 100-200-300 kg ha-1, N10:P30:K20 200-300 -400 kg ha-1 and N15:P15:K15 200-400-600 kg ha-1) in 2014 did not result with economically justified grain yield increase. Similar results were obtained at the location Banja Luka in the previous year, what impose the need for more detailed study of this agrotechnical operation in the future.U radu su analizirani rezultati sortnih makroogleda na soji u 2013 i 2014. godini na lokalitetu Aleksandrovac, mikroogleda sa đubrenjem na navedenom lokalitetu u 2014. godini, te mikroogleda sa đubrenjem na lokalitetu Banja Luka u 2013. godini. Obe sezone karakterisale su vrlo ekstremne vremenske prilike. Ostvareni prinosi zrna (536 - 1.216kg ha-1) u sortnom makroogledu u vrlo sušnoj 2013. godini bili su značajno niži u odnosu na prinose (3.022 - 4.133 kg ha-1) u izuzetno kišnoj 2014. godini. Osobine propusnog, aluvijalnog zemljišta imale su presudan uticaj na prinose zrna u obe godine. Ogledi sa različitim đubrivima praćeni su na banjalučkoj sorti Sonja. Rastuće doze đubriva u 2014. godini nisu dovele do ekonomski opravdanog povećanja prinosa zrna u odnosu na kontrolu. Slični rezultati dobijeni su i u prethodnoj godini na lokalitetu Banja Luka, što upućuje na neophodnost detaljnijeg proučavanja ove agrotehničke mere

Značaj i oplemenjivanje ječma i ovsa

The poor competitive position of barley and oats in relation to maize and wheat is the main reason behind the decreasing acreages planted under these two crops. In Serbia, the reduced areas in barley and oats are primarily a result of decreased livestock production and a negligible volume of barley and oat export. The existing range of malting and feed barley varieties developed at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad provides a good genetic basis for the production of top quality malt and animal feed. The NS spring oats cultivars Novosadski Golozrni, Dunav and Vrbas are characterized by good grain quality and adaptedness to the conditions in Serbia and the Balkans. The grains of these cultivars are 20 % protein and up to 8 % fat.Slabija konkurentska pozicija ječma i ovsa u odnosu na kukuruz i pšenicu osnovni je razlog smanjenja površina pod ove dve biljne vrste. Smanjenje površina pod ječmom i ovsem u Srbiji posledica je pre svega smanjenja stočarske proizvodnje i beznačajne proizvodnje za izvoz. Postojeći novosadski sortiment pivskog i stočnog ječma obezbeđuje genetsku osnovu za proizvodnju kvalitetnog slada i dobre stočne hrane. Novosadske sorte jarog ovsa Novosadski golozrni, Dunav i Vrbas odlikuju se dobrom adaptiranošću na uslove Srbije i Balkana, kao i kvalitetom zrna. Kod ovih sorti sadržaj proteina u zrnu iznosi do 20 %, a sadržaj masti do 8 %

Effect of cultivar and year on final leaf number in winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Leaf emergence represents externally visible trait that is results of externally not visible leaf primordial initiation. Final leaf number initiated in the apex and the rate of leaf emergence determine of pre-anthesis phases. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of year and cultivars on final leaf number (FLN) in winter barley. In the present study no consistent differences were found in the FLN between 6-rowed and 2- rowed cultivars. FLN differs among barley varieties sown in the field at different years and was controlled by all three factors; cultivar, year and their interaction. Contribution of year in FLN variation was highest, about 74%. This can be explained as a direct effect of the year on the rate of leaf appearance or as an indirect effect of an ontogenetic decline in the rate of appearance. Low value of interaction showed stability of leaf number from year to year. Considered across the growing seasons (GSs), the early cultivar Novosadski 581 had the lowest (11.3) and the late cultivar Kredit the highest (14.7) FLN. In average the early cultivars had one leaf less than the late ones. Earliness is rather the result of leaf number reduction than grain filling reduction

Genetic variability for yield and yield components in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.)

Investigation of quantitative traits of Jerusalem artichoke populations was conducted on the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute of the Republic of Srpska in Banja Luka, during 2013 and 2014. The material was collected in the wider area of Republic of Srpska. The following populations were analyzed: Srbac, Modriča, Pivara, Lazarevo, Bosna, Vrbas, Gradiška and Aleksići. The trial was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The following parameters were analyzed: tuber weight (g), plant height (cm), stem number/plant, average stem thickness (cm), green mass yield/plant (kg), and dry mass yield/plant (kg). Average tuber weight ranged from 36.7 g (Bosna) to 61.0 g (Lazarevo). Plant height ranged from 1.55 m (Lazarevo) to 2.20 m (Aleksići). Stem number/plant varied from 2.2 (Aleksici) to 5.3 (Modrica). Stem thickness was between 1.24 cm (Bosna) and 2.11 cm (Aleksići). The population Bosna had the lowest average yield of green mass and dry mass yield/plant, while the highest mean value had population Aleksići. Broad sense heritability varied from 34.66% (plant height) to 50.99% (dry mass yield/plant). Highly significant positive correlations between plant height and stem thickness (r = 0.874), stem thickness and green mass yield (r = 0.919), stem thickness and dry mass yield (r = 0.902) were established. Jerusalem artichoke populations were clustered into two groups, and the first group was composed of two sub-groups. The results of these studies will allow choice of Jerusalem artichoke populations with better quantitative traits, and their inclusion in the program of creating new varieties

Ekološko-genetski model u oplemenjivanju sastrice (Lathyrus sativus L.)

Ecological model for organizing the quantitative traits and the method of orthogonal regressions were applied to evaluate both, aboveground and root biomass of grass pea varieties different originating. The study was conducted for three years. The highest yields for fresh aboveground biomass were BGE015741 (840.40 kg/da), LAT4362 (779.3 kg da-1) and BGE027129 (722.80 kg da-1). Plants of LAT4362 and BGE025277 have a higher weight of fresh aboveground mass and fresh root mass and exhibit a good combination of adaptive and attraction genes. The highest average seed yield was recorded at BGE015741 (158.40 kg da-1), BGE027129 (113.10 kg da-1) and BGE025277 (108.30 kg da-1). The BGE027129, BGE025277 and BGE015741 varieties are found of greatest interest with regard to seed weight per plant and they are suitable as initial materials for the purpose of combinatorial breeding for the obtaining of genotypes combining both, high seed weight and high root biomass weight per plant.Ekološki model za organizaciju kvantitativnih svojstava i metoda ortogonalnih regresija primenjeni su za procenu nadzemne i korenske biomase sorti sastrice različitog porekla. Istraživanje je sprovedeno u trajanju od tri godine. Najveći prinosi za svežu nadzemnu biomasu bili su BGE015741 (840,40 kg/ha), LAT4362 (779,3 kg/ha) i BGE027129 (722,80 kg/ha). Biljke LAT4362 i BGE025277 imaju veću težinu sveže nadzemne mase i sveže korenske mase i pokazuju dobru kombinaciju adaptivnih i privlačnih gena. Najveći prosečni prinos semena zabeležen je kod BGE015741 (158,40 kg/da), BGE027129 (113,10 kg/da) i BGE025277 (108,30 kg/ha). Sorte BGE027129, BGE025277 i BGE015741 su od najvećeg interesa s obzirom na masu semena po biljci i pogodne su kao početni materijal u svrhu kombinovanog oplemenjivanja za dobivanje genotipova koji kombinuju i veliku masu semena i veliku masu biomase korena po biljci