Influence of Different Spherical Binary Plasmonic NPs on HTM Layer in Methyl Ammonium Lead Triiodide Solar Cell

Methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite solar cells have attracted huge research interest. Its optoelectronic properties are competing with those of silicon wafers. It is a hybrid absorber with a direct band gap of about 1.53 eV with good light-absorption capability appropriate for optoelectronic applications. A typical perovskite solar cell HTML layer rarely incorporates ZnO or Cu2O or TiO2 nanoparticles to increase charge carrier transport. These ZnO, Cu2O, TiO2 nanoparticles can be introduced into the HTM layer to modify its PSCs efficiency and performance. These nanoparticles are direct band gap binary semiconductors with a wide band gap energy range of 2.17 eV to 3.37 eV respectively which can lead to higher transport mobility and enhanced HTM nanostructured layer. In this paper, two model solar cell having a ITO/TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3/P3HT/Ag and ITO/TiO2/Ag:CH3NH3PbI3/P3HT/Ag structures were proposed, geometrically modelled  and simulated using SCAPS-1D software. Their HTM layer (composed of P3HT) was doped with ZnO, Cu2O, and TiO2 nanoparticles respectively to determine their influence on PCEs of this solar cells. It was revealed that starting from undoped P3HT layer all through the Cu2O, ZnO to TIO2 doped layers, efficiency reduced from 13.123 % and 9.071% respectively; fill factor (FF) also reduced from 69.4% to 48.9 % for the doped CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cell while efficiency of doped CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cell reduced from 13.033 % and 9.091%, the fill factor (FF) also reduced from 66.4% to 52.9 % respectively. It was noted that the solar cell employing P3HT undoped layer had the best performance and concluded that introducing nanoparticles onto P3HT layer has a negative impact on the performance of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cell

Кислотные дожди, как фактор, приводящий к загрязнению воздуха

В данной работе рассмотрена проблема загрязнения воздуха. Выявлено негативное влияние кислотных дождей на флору и фауну, на растительный и животный мир, на почвы. Обозначен путь к решению данной проблемы. In this paper the problem of air pollution is studied. A negative effect of acid rain on the flora and the fauna, to the soil is revealed. We outline a way to solve this problem

Разработка мероприятия по обеспечению деятельности поисково - спасательной службы для разрешенных видов аварийно – спасательных работ

Рассмотрение комплекс мер мероприятий по обеспечению деятельности ПСС для разрешенных видов АСР в условиях горной местности и опасности лесных пожаров.Consideration of a range of measures of measures on providing activities of MSS are permitted for the types of ASR in the mountainous terrain and the danger of forest fires

Verbalization of the Concept "Machine" in the Linguistic World Views of Russian and English Speakers

The paper focuses on the verbalization of the concept of "machine" in the Russian and English linguistic conceptions of the world. The study provides a comparative analysis of representation of the concept "machine" in two cultures and reveals ethnocultural specificity for Russian and English speakers. The significance of the work is due to the interest of modern linguistics and the Intercultural Communication Theory in the process of encoding a national mentality in the form of linguistic units. The authors describe ethnoculutural similarities and differences in the verbalization of the concept “machine” in Russian and English

Phase change optical recording - preparation and X-ray characterization of GeSbTe and AgInSbTe films

The rapidly increasing net amount of digital information requires higher data- storage capacities and transfer rates. As a consequence, there is a need for a continuous improvement of the media concept and design. Phase change recording technology offers attractive features for erasable data storage with high density. Further optimization of this technology requires the determination of crystallization kinetics and comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms. In this work we have prepared and investigated the crystallization kinetics of sputter deposited amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5, Ge4Sb1Te5, and Ag5.5 In6.5 Sb59Te29 films. These materials are of great interest in phase change media technology since they enable to write, erase and rewrite information repetitively using optical techniques. They can be characterized by two stable physical phases that exhibit significantly different optical properties. The properties of these materials are compared in regard to data storage applications. Temperature dependent measurements of electrical resistance have been employed to study the kinetics of the structural changes. Corroborative x-ray diffraction measurements reveal that upon annealing the amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 films crystallize to a cubic structure followed by an hexagonal structure upon further annealing. Both Ge4Sb1Te5 and Ag5.5In6.5Sb59Te29 films crystallize in only one phase namely cubic and hexagonal structure, respectively. The cubic structures for both Ge2Sb2Te5 and Ge4Sb1Te5 alloys are identified with NaCl-type. X-ray reflectometry measurements show that these transformations are characterized by a density increase and a thickness decrease. The build in stresses upon crystallization were determined by employing wafer curvature measurements. Temperature dependence of electrical resistance measurements of films capped with ultra thin layers (Native oxide, ZnS-SiO2, Si3N4, SiO2) show considerable influence on the crystallization kinetics

Phase change optical recording - preparation and X-ray characterization of GeSbTe and AgInSbTe films

The rapidly increasing net amount of digital information requires higher data- storage capacities and transfer rates. As a consequence, there is a need for a continuous improvement of the media concept and design. Phase change recording technology offers attractive features for erasable data storage with high density. Further optimization of this technology requires the determination of crystallization kinetics and comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms. In this work we have prepared and investigated the crystallization kinetics of sputter deposited amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5, Ge4Sb1Te5, and Ag5.5 In6.5 Sb59Te29 films. These materials are of great interest in phase change media technology since they enable to write, erase and rewrite information repetitively using optical techniques. They can be characterized by two stable physical phases that exhibit significantly different optical properties. The properties of these materials are compared in regard to data storage applications. Temperature dependent measurements of electrical resistance have been employed to study the kinetics of the structural changes. Corroborative x-ray diffraction measurements reveal that upon annealing the amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 films crystallize to a cubic structure followed by an hexagonal structure upon further annealing. Both Ge4Sb1Te5 and Ag5.5In6.5Sb59Te29 films crystallize in only one phase namely cubic and hexagonal structure, respectively. The cubic structures for both Ge2Sb2Te5 and Ge4Sb1Te5 alloys are identified with NaCl-type. X-ray reflectometry measurements show that these transformations are characterized by a density increase and a thickness decrease. The build in stresses upon crystallization were determined by employing wafer curvature measurements. Temperature dependence of electrical resistance measurements of films capped with ultra thin layers (Native oxide, ZnS-SiO2, Si3N4, SiO2) show considerable influence on the crystallization kinetics

Optical Analysis of Ag-NPs Containing Methyl Ammonium Lead Tri-Iodide Thin Films

Methyl ammonium lead tri-iodide hybrid thin films were grown using solution technique. They were doped with silver nano-particles at different concentrations at concentrations of 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09 mM. Their reflectance and transmittance were recorded in the wavelength range 300–900 using UV-Vis double - beam spectrophotometer. Using these measurements, other optical parameters were simulated using scout software. The effect of silver nanoparticles was investigated. Results revealed that the thin films had highest transmittance of about 79 % as their band gap varied from 1.921–1.832 eV. Electrical conductivity varied from 1.4–1.6×105 S cm–1 while optical conductivity varied in the range of 0.3–0.6×1010 sec-1. They had a significantly low refractive index, suitable for optical applications within the range of 1.6–1.8. The extinction coefficient varied in the range as 1.0–1.7×10-5 while the absorption coefficient varied varies in the range of 2.1-4.2 cm- 1. It was concluded that the thin films were suitable for photonic device application