15 research outputs found
Inequitable Gains and Losses from Conservation in a Global Biodiversity Hotspot
A billion rural people live near tropical forests. Urban populations need them for water, energy and timber. Global society benefits from climate regulation and knowledge embodied in tropical biodiversity. Ecosystem service valuations can incentivise conservation, but determining costs and benefits across multiple stakeholders and interacting services is complex and rarely attempted. We report on a 10-year study, unprecedented in detail and scope, to determine the monetary value implications of conserving forests and woodlands in Tanzania’s Eastern Arc Mountains. Across plausible ranges of carbon price, agricultural yield and discount rate, conservation delivers net global benefits (+US10.1B), while local-rural communities bear substantial net costs (-US72M); logging, fuelwood and management costs encourage depletion (-US$148M). Substantial global investment in disaggregating and mitigating local costs (e.g., through boosting smallholder yields) is essential to equitably balance conservation and development objectives
Inequitable gains and losses from conservation in a global biodiversity hotspot
A billion rural people live near tropical forests. Urban populations need them for water, energy and timber. Global society benefits from climate regulation and knowledge
embodied in tropical biodiversity. Ecosystem service valuations can incentivise conservation, but determining costs and benefits across multiple stakeholders and interacting services is complex and rarely attempted. We report on a 10-year study, unprecedented in detail and scope, to determine the monetary value implications of conserving forests and woodlands in Tanzania’s Eastern Arc Mountains. Across plausible ranges of carbon price, agricultural yield and discount rate, conservation delivers net global benefits (+US10.1B), while local-rural communities bear substantial net costs (-US72M); logging, fuelwood and management costs encourage depletion (-US$148M). Substantial global investment in disaggregating and mitigating local costs (e.g., through boosting smallholder yields) is essential to equitably balance conservation and development objectives
Biomass and volume models for different vegetation types of Tanzania
Climate change and high rates of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have
increased the attention paid to the need for high-quality monitoring systems to
assess how much carbon (C) is present in terrestrial systems and how these change
over time. The choice of a system to adopt relies heavily on the accuracy of the method for quantifying biomass and volume as important primary variables
for computing C stock and changes over time. Methods based on ground
forest inventory and remote sensing data have commonly been applied in the
recent decade to estimate biomass and volume in the tropical forests. However,
regardless of the method, accurate tree level biomass and volume models are
needed to translate field or remotely sensed data into estimates of forest biomass
and volume. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to develop biomass and
volume models for the forests, woodlands, thickets, agroforestry systems and
some selected tree species in Tanzania. Data from destructively sampled trees
were used to develop volume and above- and below-ground biomass models.
Different statistical criteria, including coefficient of determination (R2), relative
root mean square error (RMSE %) and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC),
were used to assess the quality of the model fits. The models selected showed
good prediction accuracy and, therefore, are recommended not only to support
the ongoing initiatives on forest C Measurement, Reporting and Verificatio
(MRV) processes but also for general forest management in Tanzania
Mixed method approaches to evaluate conservation impact: evidence from decentralized forest management in Tanzania
Nearly 10% of the world’s total forest area is
formally owned by communities and indigenous
groups, yet knowledge of the effects of decentralized
forest management approaches on conservation
(and livelihood) impacts remains elusive. In this
paper, the conservation impact of decentralized
forest management on two forests in Tanzania was
evaluated using a mixed method approach. Current
forest condition, forest increment and forest use
patterns were assessed through forest inventories,
and changes in forest disturbance levels before and
after the implementation of decentralized forest
management were assessed on the basis of analyses of
Landsat images. This biophysical evidence was then
linked to changes in actual management practices,
assessed through records, interviews and participatory
observations, to provide a measure of the conservation
impact of the policy change. Both forests in the study
were found to be in good condition, and extraction
was lower than overall forest increment. Divergent
changes in forest disturbance levels were in evidence
following the implementation of decentralized forest
management. The evidence from records, interviews
and participatory observations indicated that decent-
ralized management had led to increased control
of forest use and the observed divergence in forest
disturbance levels appeared to be linked to differences
in the way that village-level forest managers prioritized
conservation objectives and forest-based livelihood
strategies. The study illustrates that a mixed methods
approach comprises a valid and promising way to
evaluate impacts of conservation policies, even in the
absence of control sites. By carefully linking policy
outcomes to policy outputs, such an approach not only identifies whether such policies work as intended, but
also potential mechanisms
Biomass and volume models for different vegetation types of Tanzania
Climate change and high rates of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have
increased the attention paid to the need for high-quality monitoring systems to
assess how much carbon (C) is present in terrestrial systems and how these change
over time. The choice of a system to adopt relies heavily on the accuracy of the method for quantifying biomass and volume as important primary variables
for computing C stock and changes over time. Methods based on ground
forest inventory and remote sensing data have commonly been applied in the
recent decade to estimate biomass and volume in the tropical forests. However,
regardless of the method, accurate tree level biomass and volume models are
needed to translate field or remotely sensed data into estimates of forest biomass
and volume. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to develop biomass and
volume models for the forests, woodlands, thickets, agroforestry systems and
some selected tree species in Tanzania. Data from destructively sampled trees
were used to develop volume and above- and below-ground biomass models.
Different statistical criteria, including coefficient of determination (R2), relative
root mean square error (RMSE %) and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC),
were used to assess the quality of the model fits. The models selected showed
good prediction accuracy and, therefore, are recommended not only to support
the ongoing initiatives on forest C Measurement, Reporting and Verificatio
(MRV) processes but also for general forest management in Tanzania
Mixed method approaches to evaluate conservation impact:evidence from decentralized forest management in Tanzania
This article is available at http://www.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892914000241Nearly 10% of the world’s total forest area is
formally owned by communities and indigenous
groups, yet knowledge of the effects of decentralized
forest management approaches on conservation
(and livelihood) impacts remains elusive. In this
paper, the conservation impact of decentralized
forest management on two forests in Tanzania was
evaluated using a mixed method approach. Current
forest condition, forest increment and forest use
patterns were assessed through forest inventories,
and changes in forest disturbance levels before and
after the implementation of decentralized forest
management were assessed on the basis of analyses of
Landsat images. This biophysical evidence was then
linked to changes in actual management practices,
assessed through records, interviews and participatory
observations, to provide ameasure of the conservation
impact of the policy change. Both forests in the study
were found to be in good condition, and extraction
was lower than overall forest increment. Divergent
changes in forest disturbance levels were in evidence
following the implementation of decentralized forest
management. The evidence from records, interviews
and participatory observations indicated that decentralized
management had led to increased control
of forest use and the observed divergence in forest
disturbance levels appeared to be linked to differences
in theway that village-level forest managers prioritized
conservation objectives and forest-based livelihood
strategies. The study illustrates that a mixed methods
approach comprises a valid and promising way to
evaluate impacts of conservation policies, even in the
absence of control sites. By carefully linking policy
outcomes to policy outputs, such an approach not onlyidentifies whether such policies work as intended, but
also potential mechanisms
Mixed method approaches to evaluate conservation impact: evidence from decentralized forest management in Tanzania
Nearly 10% of the world’s total forest area is
formally owned by communities and indigenous
groups, yet knowledge of the effects of decentralized
forest management approaches on conservation
(and livelihood) impacts remains elusive. In this
paper, the conservation impact of decentralized
forest management on two forests in Tanzania was
evaluated using a mixed method approach. Current
forest condition, forest increment and forest use
patterns were assessed through forest inventories,
and changes in forest disturbance levels before and
after the implementation of decentralized forest
management were assessed on the basis of analyses of
Landsat images. This biophysical evidence was then
linked to changes in actual management practices,
assessed through records, interviews and participatory
observations, to provide a measure of the conservation
impact of the policy change. Both forests in the study
were found to be in good condition, and extraction
was lower than overall forest increment. Divergent
changes in forest disturbance levels were in evidence
following the implementation of decentralized forest
management. The evidence from records, interviews
and participatory observations indicated that decent-
ralized management had led to increased control
of forest use and the observed divergence in forest
disturbance levels appeared to be linked to differences
in the way that village-level forest managers prioritized
conservation objectives and forest-based livelihood
strategies. The study illustrates that a mixed methods
approach comprises a valid and promising way to
evaluate impacts of conservation policies, even in the
absence of control sites. By carefully linking policy
outcomes to policy outputs, such an approach not only identifies whether such policies work as intended, but
also potential mechanisms