Comparative acute-phase sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for diagnosing leptospirosis by DPP assay using finger stick blood (FSB), venous whole blood (VWB), and serum, by serum IgM-ELISA, and by clinical impression for 96 patients–Salvador, Brazil 2012.

<p>Comparative acute-phase sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for diagnosing leptospirosis by DPP assay using finger stick blood (FSB), venous whole blood (VWB), and serum, by serum IgM-ELISA, and by clinical impression for 96 patients–Salvador, Brazil 2012.</p

Characteristics of 96 enrolled patients hospitalized with acute febrile illness compatible with leptospirosis–Salvador, Brazil 2012.

<p>Characteristics of 96 enrolled patients hospitalized with acute febrile illness compatible with leptospirosis–Salvador, Brazil 2012.</p

Recruitment of patients hospitalized for acute febrile illness compatible with leptospirosis–Salvador, Brazil 2012.

<p>* Undifferentiated fever includes any other febrile illness consistent with acute clinical leptospirosis not elsewhere categorized. EBV = Epstein-Barr virus. HUS/TTP = hemolytic uremic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.</p

Risk of leptospiral infection within the Pau da Lima study site at each of four annual repeated measures during prospective follow-up of the community cohort.

<p>The choropleth map indicates the 50 areas with highest odds of infection (red) and the 50 areas with lowest odds of infection (blue) at each follow-up period.</p

Leptospiral infection rate according to age group and gender.

<p>Rates are shown as infections per 1,000 annual follow-up events. Red bars: females. Blue bars: males. Whiskers: 95% CI.</p

Urban slum community site in the city of Salvador, Brazil.

<p>A) An aerial photograph of the study site shows the boundaries of the study site. B) A topographic map of the study site for which open sewer drainage systems have been overlaid. C) A representative photograph demonstrating the social and environmental gradient within the Pau da Lima community. D) Resident in contact with water and mud when cleaning an open sewer.</p