Accumulation capacity of ions in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) supplied with sea water

Cabbage seedlings were grown hydroponically to study the effects of different concentrations of seawater on the seedling growth, ion content under one-fourth strength Hoagland's nutrient solution in the greenhouse. The biomass of various organs of cabbage seedlings as well as the whole plants was significantly higher in the treatments with 1 g and 2 g sea salt/L than the no-salt control, but the treatments with 4, 5 or 6 g sea salt/L caused a decrease in growth. Root/shoot ratio remained at the level of control regardless of the sea salt treatment. Na+ and Cl- concentration in different parts of cabbage seedlings increased significantly, whereas K+ and Ca2+ concentration generally increased at low concentrations of sea salt and then decreased with increasing seawater concentration. Sodium and K+ concentrations were significantly higher in the stems than roots and leaves regardless of the sea salt treatment. The sea salt treatment increased Mg2+ concentration in stems and leaves of cabbage seedlings. An increase in Na+ and Cl- concentration in roots, stems and leaves of cabbage seedlings was the main contributor to declining ratios of K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+ and Mg2+/Na+. The obtained data suggest that cabbage seedlings have strong ability to sustain seawater stress by the regulation of transport and distribution of ions

Penurunan Mutu Senyawa Antioksidan dan Kadar Air terhadap Masa Simpan Permen Hisap Ekstrak Daun Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata Linn.)

Permen hisap ekstrak daun ciplukan (Physalis angulata Linn) sebagai pangan fungsional yang mengandung senyawa antioksidan alami rentan mengalami kerusakan, sehingga tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan umur simpan permen hisap ekstrak daun ciplukan berdasarkan laju Perubahan kandungan senyawa antioksidan yaitu flavonoid dan polifenol serta laju Perubahan kadar air. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis kandungan senyawa flavonoid yaitu metode Kolorimetri menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-VIS pada panjang gelombang 431 nm. Analisis kandungan senyawa polifenol dengan metode Folin-Ciocalteu menggunakan spektofotometri UV-VIS pada panjang gelombang 765 nm. Kadar air dianalisis dengan metode Gravimetri. Metode perhitungan umur simpan menggunakan metode Arrhenius. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa dalam suhu ruang (28oC) terjadi Perubahan kandungan senyawa flavonoid, polifenol serta Perubahan kadar air. Kandungan senyawa flavonoid dan polifenol mengalami penurunan dengan nilai energi aktivasi pada senyawa flavonoid sebesar 0,8027 kal/mol dan energi aktivasi pada senyawa polifenol sebesar 59,7627 kal/mol sedangkan kadar air dari permen hisap ekstrak daun ciplukan mengalami peningkatan dengan perolehan energi aktivasi sebesar 1,1118 kal/mol. Nilai energi aktivasi dari parameter kadar air digunakan untuk menentukan umur simpan produk karena nilai kadar air mengalami peningkatan sehingga diperoleh regresi linier = 0,5598x + 4,5013 (R2 = 0,9905). Hasil perhitungan umur simpan berdasarkan parameter kadar air didapatkan bahwa umur simpan permen hisap ekstrak daun ciplukan pada suhu ruang (28oC) yaitu selama 11 bulan

Le Rôle de l'enseignement secondaire général dans l'élaboration d'une vision du monde /

En tête du titre: Septième conférence européenne de directeurs d'instituts de recherche pédagogique : l'éducation pour une citoyenneté démocratique en Europe - de nouveaux défis pour l'enseignement secondaire - Nitra (Tchécoslovaquie), 27-30 octobre 199

Population pharmacokinetics of Artemether and dihydroartemisinin in pregnant women with uncomplicated <it>Plasmodium falciparum</it> malaria in Uganda

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Malaria in pregnancy increases the risk of maternal anemia, abortion and low birth weight. Approximately 85.3 million pregnancies occur annually in areas with <it>Plasmodium falciparum</it> transmission. Pregnancy has been reported to alter the pharmacokinetic properties of many anti-malarial drugs. Reduced drug exposure increases the risk of treatment failure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the population pharmacokinetic properties of artemether and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin in pregnant women with uncomplicated <it>P. falciparum</it> malaria in Uganda.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Twenty-one women with uncomplicated <it>P. falciparum</it> malaria in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy received the fixed oral combination of 80 mg artemether and 480 mg lumefantrine twice daily for three days. Artemether and dihydroartemisinin plasma concentrations after the last dose administration were quantified using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass-spectroscopy. A simultaneous drug-metabolite population pharmacokinetic model for artemether and dihydroartemisinin was developed taking into account different disposition, absorption, error and covariate models. A separate modeling approach and a non-compartmental analysis (NCA) were also performed to enable a comparison with literature values and different modeling strategies.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The treatment was well tolerated and there were no cases of recurrent malaria. A flexible absorption model with sequential zero-order and transit-compartment absorption followed by a simultaneous one-compartment disposition model for both artemether and dihydroartemisinin provided the best fit to the data. Artemether and dihydroartemisinin exposure was lower than that reported in non-pregnant populations. An approximately four-fold higher apparent volume of distribution for dihydroartemisinin was obtained by non-compartmental analysis and separate modeling compared to that from simultaneous modeling of the drug and metabolite. This highlights a potential pitfall when analyzing drug/metabolite data with traditional approaches.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The population pharmacokinetic properties of artemether and dihydroartemisinin, in pregnant women with uncomplicated <it>P. falciparum</it> malaria in Uganda, were described satisfactorily by a simultaneous drug-metabolite model without covariates. Concentrations of artemether and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin were relatively low in pregnancy compared to literature data. However, this should be interpreted with caution considered the limited literature available. Further studies in larger series are urgently needed for this vulnerable group.</p