The average EEG spatial maps of Participant P22 after temporal projection using BDA and ABDA methods.

<p>By Euler’s identity, a complex value could be interpreted as a combination of a magnitude component and a phase component.</p

The ratios of between-class scatter to within-class scatter with respect to the iteration steps for 22 participants.

<p>The ratios of between-class scatter to within-class scatter with respect to the iteration steps for 22 participants.</p

The spatial maps of Participant P22’s normalized spatial projections using BDA and ABDA methods.

<p>By Euler’s identity, a complex value could be interpreted as a combination of a magnitude component and a phase component.</p

Balanced accuracies in percentage. SD stands for standard deviation. Higher BA is highlighted in bold.

<p>Balanced accuracies in percentage. SD stands for standard deviation. Higher BA is highlighted in bold.</p

The experimental paradigm.

<p>Consecutive bursts each of which contained 50 images were serially presented and separated by a resting period. Some of the bursts contained target images.</p

The average ERPs of Participant P22 after spatial projection using BDA and ABDA method.

<p>(a) shows the projected signals of target condition. (b) shows the projected signals of nontarget condition. ABDA-real is the real part of the projected signals, while ABDA-imag is the imaginary part of the projected signals.</p

Comparison of network metrics with longitudinal scans between male (n = 12) and female (n = 14).

<p>The statistical results were computed with a two-way linear mixed model with longitudinal time as within-subject fact, gender as between-subject factor and time by gender as interaction. The effect of age at 1^st scan, handedness, education level, and brain size were adjusted for all of these analyses. Post-hoc results of the global topological measures were detailed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0118857#pone.0118857.g004" target="_blank">Fig. 4</a>. <b>Bold</b> indicates variables that are statistically significant (p < 0.05), <i>italic</i> indicates variables that show trend of significance (p < 0.10).</p><p>Comparison of network metrics with longitudinal scans between male (n = 12) and female (n = 14).</p

The spatial distribution of cortical regions showing significant gender effect.

<p>The color bar represents F values of group comparison. L and R represent left and right hemisphere, respectively. For the abbreviations of the cortical regions, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0118857#pone.0118857.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. The figures were visualized with BrainNet Viewer software (<a href="http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv/" target="_blank">http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv/</a>).</p

The spatial distributions of cortical regions showing significant effect of gender, longitudinal time, and gender-time interaction on the nodal betweenness centrality.

<p>The color represents F values. Significant regions are overlaid on inflated surface maps at the Medium view with BrainNet Viewer software (<a href="http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv" target="_blank">http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv</a>). M = male, F = female. For the abbreviations of the cortical regions, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0118857#pone.0118857.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Size and Shell Effects on the Photoacoustic and Luminescence Properties of Dual Modal Rare-Earth-Doped Nanoparticles for Infrared Photoacoustic Imaging

Infrared-emitting rare-earth (ytterbium and erbium) doped nanoparticles (REDNPs) have recently emerged as an excellent probe for both deep tissue luminescence and photoacoustic (PA) imaging with high resolutions and contrast. Here we report on the first study of the size and surface effects of the infrared PA imaging of dual modal REDNPs. We show that the PA signal amplitude generated by REDNPs is increased by increasing the size and coating the inorganic shell (undoped NaYF₄ or silica). We have also discovered that the choice of the coating material is critical as undoped NaYF₄ shell was able to enhance PA signal amplitude (by up to ∼30%) and infrared emission (19 times) simultaneously. The simultaneous enhancement of PA signal amplitude and infrared emission was due to increased phonon modes and reduced surface effects. The in vivo PA images obtained demonstrated that in addition to being excellent luminescent probes, the REDNPs also performed as successful PA contrast agents to visualize rodent cortical blood vessels