Advances in Human Pathogen Control—A 21st Century Challenge

The emergence of new pathogens, coupled with the reemergence of old pathogens and the steep worldwide increase in multiple resistances to available antimicrobials, poses major challenges to human health at the global scale [...

Current Landscape of Cancer Immunotherapy: Harnessing the Immune Arsenal to Overcome Immune Evasion

Cancer immune evasion represents a leading hallmark of cancer, posing a significant obstacle to the development of successful anticancer therapies. However, the landscape of cancer treatment has significantly evolved, transitioning into the era of immunotherapy from conventional methods such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted drug therapy. Immunotherapy has emerged as a pivotal component in cancer treatment, harnessing the body’s immune system to combat cancer and offering improved prognostic outcomes for numerous patients. The remarkable success of immunotherapy has spurred significant efforts to enhance the clinical efficacy of existing agents and strategies. Several immunotherapeutic approaches have received approval for targeted cancer treatments, while others are currently in preclinical and clinical trials. This review explores recent progress in unraveling the mechanisms of cancer immune evasion and evaluates the clinical effectiveness of diverse immunotherapy strategies, including cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapy, and antibody-based treatments. It encompasses both established treatments and those currently under investigation, providing a comprehensive overview of efforts to combat cancer through immunological approaches. Additionally, the article emphasizes the current developments, limitations, and challenges in cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, by integrating analyses of cancer immunotherapy resistance mechanisms and exploring combination strategies and personalized approaches, it offers valuable insights crucial for the development of novel anticancer immunotherapeutic strategies

Evaluation of preventive effect of <em>Brugia malayi</em> recombinant cystatin on mBSA-induced experimental arthritis

655-660Epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of the helminths derived immunomodulatory molecules. In this study, we investigated the preventive effect of Brugia malayi recombinant cystatin (rBmCys) in methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA)-induced arthritis. Mastomys coucha rats were treated with 4 doses of rBmCys (intraperitoneal) in alum adjuvant (25 µg/dose/200 µL) in intervals of 15 days. Control rats received alum only. mBSA-arthritis induction was done 10 days after the last dose of rBmCys/alum. Rats were sacrificed when all the rats in mBSA group developed arthritis. Administration of rBmCys significantly (P=0.0005) protected rats from arthritis by reducing paw swelling and arthritic index. In rBmCys treated rats, histopathology of hind paw joints showed decreased synovitis, bone erosion, fibrosis and influx of inflammatory cells. This protective effect was found to be associated with significantly (P BmCys can benefit in rheumatoid arthritis prevention

Retracted: Role of recombinant SXP/RAL-2 family protein Wuchereria bancrofti L2 (rWbL2) as vaccine candidate in lymphatic filariasis in mastomys

With agreement from the corresponding author, the Editor-in-Chief retracts the article “Role of recombinant SXP/RAL-2 family protein Wuchereria bancrofti L2 (rWbL2) as vaccine candidate in lymphatic filariasis in mastomys”, Andure D et al. Int J Res Med Sci. 2016 Apr;4(4):1140-1146, DOI: 10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20160798, due to the duplication of figure from other previously published article. Figure 3 was reused from Figure 2 in the article “Immunization with Wuchereria bancrofti Glutathione-S-transferase Elicits a Mixed Th1/Th2 Type of Protective Immune Response Against Filarial Infection in Mastomys”, Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, First online: 09 February 2016, DOI: 10.1007/s12291-016-0556-y. The corresponding author Dr. Dhananjay Andure has published it on his own without informing the co-authors and his guide

<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-GB">Brugia malayi</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-GB"> abundant larval transcript 2 protein treatment attenuates experimentally-induced colitis in mice</span>

732-739Helminths are known to modulate host’s immunity by suppressing host protective pro-inflammatory responses. Such immunomodulatory effects have been experimentally shown to have therapeutic implications in immune mediated disorders. In the present study, we have explored a filarial protein i.e. Brugia malayi recombinant abundant larval transcript 2 (rBmALT2) for its therapeutic effect in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colitis in mouse model. The immunomodulatory activity of rBmALT-2 was initially confirmed by demonstrating that it suppressed the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide synthesis and down-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro by peritoneal exudate cells of mice. Treatment with rBmALT2 reduced severity of colitis associated with significant reduction in weight loss, disease activity, colon damage, mucosal edema and histopathological score including myeloperoxidase activity in colon tissues. rBmALT2 was comparatively more effective in attenuation of colitis when used in the preventive mode than when used for curative purpose. The therapeutic effect of rBmALT2 was found to be associated with downregulation of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-17 and upregulation of IL-10 cytokines. These results provide strong experimental evidence that BmALT2 could be a potential alternative therapeutic agent in colitis